Impact of psychological and physiological factors on endurance performance prediction

  1. Irati Ortiz de Anda Martín 1
  2. Iker Muñoz Pérez 1
  3. Erika Borrajo Mena 1
  4. Asier Del Arco Paniagua 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Deusto
    info

    Universidad de Deusto

    Bilbao, España

    ROR https://ror.org/00ne6sr39

Journal:
Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación

ISSN: 1579-1726,  1988-2041

Year of publication: 2024

Issue: 61

Pages: 774-784

Type: Article

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

More publications in: Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación

Abstract

El rendimiento en los eventos resistencia es un fenómeno multifactorial complejo, por lo que deben considerarse diversas variables para proporcionar una predicción precisa del tiempo en las carreras. Hasta la fecha se han utilizado las variables fisiológicas como principales predictores, ignorando el potencial predictivo de otros factores como las variables psicológicas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue proporcionar una ecuación para predecir el rendimiento en 10K, utilizando tanto factores fisiológicos como psicológicos como variables explicativas. Participaron en el estudio 13 corredores varones (Peso 68,06 ± 18,73 kg; Altura 174,31 ± 5,39 cm; edad 39,5 ± 8,5 años; 57,34 ± 5,03 ml - kg -min VO2MAX). Se estableció un modelo de regresión múltiple utilizando un enfoque de regresión por pasos basado en mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Tras comprobar las posibles colinealidades, los resultados mostraron el VVO2MAX (β=-1,03), activación (β=0,17) y Aislamiento (β=0,19), como mejores predictores del tiempo en la prueba de 10K. La regresión resultante mostró un coeficiente de determinación (R2) de 0,98 y RMSE= 50,30 s. VVO2MAX fue el mejor predictor del rendimiento en 10K. Sin embargo, los factores psicológicos, como la activación y el aislamiento, explican la varianza adicional. Un mayor VVO2MAX, una menor activación y un mayor aislamiento podrían permitir un mejor rendimiento en la carrera de 10K.

Bibliographic References

  • Abad, C.C., Barros, R.V., Bertuzzi, R., Gagliardi, J.F., Lima-Silva, A.E., Lambert, M.I. & Pires, F.O. (2016). 10 km running performance predicted by a multiple linear regression model with allometrically adjusted variables. Journal of Human Kinetics, 51:193-200. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0182.
  • Adam, M.E., Eke, A.O. & Ferguson, LJ. (2021). “Know That You’re Not Just Settling”: Exploring Women Athletes’ Self-Compassion, Sport Performance Perceptions, and Well-Being Around Important Competitive Events. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 43(3):268–78. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0196.
  • Alvero-Cruz, J.R., Carnero, E.A., García, M.A.G., Cárceles, F.A., Correas-Gómez, L., Rosemann, T., Nikolaidis, P.T., & Knechtle B. (2020). Predictive Performance Models in Long-Distance Runners: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21):1–22. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218289.
  • Bale, P., Bradbury, D. & Colley E. (1986). Anthropometric and training variables related to 10km running performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(4):170. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.20.4.170.
  • Barwood, M.J., Corbett, J., Wagstaff, C.R.D., McVeigh, D., & Thelwell R.C. (2015). Improvement of 10-km time-trial cycling with motivational self-talk compared with neutral self-talk. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(2):166–71. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0059.
  • Bassett, D.R. & Howley, E.T. (2000) Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(1):70–84. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012.
  • Basset, F.A., Kelly, L.P., Hohl, R., & Kaushal, N. (2022). Type of self-talk matters: Its effects on perceived exertion, cardiorespiratory, and cortisol responses during an iso-metabolic endurance exercise. Psychophysiology, 59(3). DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13980.
  • Bellenger, C.R., Fuller, J.T., Nelson, M.J., Hartland, M., Buckley, J.D. & Debenedictis, T.A. (2015). Predicting maximal aerobic speed through set distance time-trials. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(12):2593–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3233-6.
  • Billat, V.L., Demarle, A., Slawinski, J., Paiva, M. & Koralsztein, J.P. (2001). Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(12):2089–97. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200112000-00018.
  • Billat, V.L., Hill, D.W., Pinoteau, J., Petit, B. & Koralsztein, J.P. (1996). Effect of protocol on determination of velocity at VO2 max and on its time to exhaustion. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 104(3):313–21. DOI: 10.1076/apab.104.3.313.12908.
  • Birrer, D., & Morgan G. (2010). Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete’s performance in high-intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 78–87. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01188.x
  • Blanchfield, A,W., Hardy, J., De Morree, H.M., Staiano, W. & Marcora, S.M (2014). Talking yourself out of exhaustion: the effects of self-talk on endurance performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5): 998–1007. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000184
  • Bullock, G.S., Hughes, T., Sergeant, J.C., Callaghan, M.J., Riley, R.D. & Collins, G.S. (2021). Clinical Prediction Models in Sports Medicine: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 51(10):517-525. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2021.10697.
  • Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Fuentes-García, J. P., Fernandes, R. J., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2021). Psychological and Physiological Features Associated with Swimming Performance. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(9), 4561, .https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1809456.
  • Cormier, D. L., Kowalski, K. C., Ferguson, L. J., Mosewich, A. D., McHugh, T. L. F., & Röthlin, P. (2023). Self-compassion in sport: A scoping review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2161064
  • Cook, D.A., & Artino A.R. (2016). Motivation to learn: an overview of contemporary theories. Medical education, 50(10):997–1014. DOI: 10.1111/medu.13074.
  • Coyle, E.F. (1999). Physiological determinants of endurance exercise performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2(3):181–9. DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80172-8.
  • Donohue, B., Miller, A., Beisecker, M., Houser, D., Valdez, R., Tiller, S.,& Taymar T. (2006) Effects of brief yoga exercises and motivational preparatory interventions in distance runners: results of a controlled trial. British journal of sports medicine, 40(1):60–3. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.020024
  • Esteve-Lanao, J., Foster, C., Seiler, S. & Lucia A. (2007). Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3):943–9. DOI: 10.1519/R-19725.1
  • Evans, S.L., Davy, K.P., Stevenson, E.T. & Seals, D.R. (1995). Physiological determinants of 10-km performance in highly trained female runners of different ages. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78(5):1931–41. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1995.78.5.1931
  • Fay, L., Londeree, B.R., Lafontaine, T.P. & Volek, M.R. (1989). Physiological parameters related to distance running performance in female athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 21(3):319–24.
  • Ferguson, L.J., Kowalski, K.C., Mack, D.E. & Sabiston, C.M. (2014). Exploring Self-Compassion and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Young Women Athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36:203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0096
  • Ganio, M. S., Klau, J. F., Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (2009). Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: a systematic review. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 23(1), 315–324.
  • Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Andrés, E., Montero-Marin, J., López-Artal, L. & Demarzo, M.MP. (2014). Validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health Qual Life Outcomes, 12(1). DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-12-4.
  • Gellish, R.L., Goslin, B.R., Olson, R.E., McDonald, A., Russi, G.D. & Moudgil, V.K. (2007). Longitudinal modeling of the relationship between age and maximal heart rate. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(5):822–9. DOI: 10.1097/mss.0b013e31803349c6.
  • González, J.J.P., Sánchez-Oliva, D., González-Ponce, I., Alonso, D.A., Carretero, C.M., García-Calvo, T. (2015). Adaptación y validación de un cuestionario para valorar la motivación en el contexto deportivo. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 15(3):17–26. https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1578-84232015000300002.
  • Gould, D., & Udry E. Psychological skills for enhancing performance. (1994). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 26(4):478-485.
  • Gaudreau, P., & Braaten, A. (2016). Achievement goals and their underlying goal motivation: Does it matter why sport participants pursue their goals? Psychologica Belgica, 56(3):244–68. DOI: 10.5334/pb.266.
  • Hanin, Y.L.(2000) Emotions in sport. Human Kinetics.
  • Hagberg, J.M. (1987). Effect of training on the decline of VO2max with aging. Federation Proceedings,46(5):1830–3.
  • Hardy, L., Jones, J.G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport : theory and practice of elite performers. John Wiley and Sons.
  • Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-Talk and Sport Performance: A Meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2011;6:348–56. DOI: 10.1177/1745691611413136
  • Hebbali A. (2023, Jun 6).Tools for Building OLS Regression Models [R package olsrr version 0.5.3]. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=olsrrhttps://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818b979a
  • Jones, A.M. (2006). The Physiology of the World Record Holder for the Women’s Marathon, International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 1(2):101–16. http://dx.doi.org/101260/174795406777641258.
  • Jones, A. M. (2024). The fourth dimension: physiological resilience as an independent determinant of endurance exercise performance. The Journal of physiology, 602(17), 4113–4128. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP284205
  • Jones, A.M. & Carter, H. (2000). The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Medicine, 29(6):373–86. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001
  • Jones, A.M. & Doust, J.H. (1996). A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 4(4):321–7. DOI: 10.1080/02640419608727717.
  • Jones, A.M., Kirby, B.S., Clark, I.E., Rice, H.M., Fulkerson, E., Wylie, L.J., Wilkerson, D.P., Vanhatalo, A. & Wilkins, B.W. (2021). Physiological demands of running at 2-hour marathon race pace. Journal of Applied Physiology, 130(2):369–79. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00647.2020.
  • Joyner, M.J. & Dominelli, P.B. (2021). Central cardiovascular system limits to aerobic capacity. Experimental Physiology,106(12):2299–303. DOI: 10.1113/EP088187.
  • Joyner, M.J. & Coyle, E.F. (2008). Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions, The Journal of Physiology, 586(Pt 1):35. 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834.
  • Keogh, A., Smyth, B., Caulfield, B., Lawlor, A., Berndsen, J., & Doherty C. (2019). Prediction Equations for Marathon Performance: A Systematic Review. (2019). International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(9):1159–69. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0360.
  • Killham, M.E., Mosewich, A.D., Mack, D.E., Gunnell, K.E. & Ferguson, L.J. (2018). Women Athletes’ Self-Compassion, Self-Criticism, and Perceived Sport Performance. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7:297–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000127.
  • Kumagai, S., Tanaka, K., Matsuura, Y., Matsuzaka, A., Hirakoba, K. & Asano K. (1982). Relationships of the anaerobic threshold with the 5 km, 10 km, and 10 mile races. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 49(1):13–23. DOI: 10.1007/BF00428959.
  • Kurniawan, D. D., Nopembri, S., & Purnomo, E. (2023). Relationship between anxiety levels and the performance of early adolescent athletic athletes in trirace numbers. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (48), 742-748.
  • Levine, B.D. (2008). VO2max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know? The Journal of Physiology., 86(1):25–34. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.147629.
  • Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (2002) Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9):705–17. DOI: 10.1037//0003-066x.57.9.705
  • Lourido, D.T., Arce, C. & Ponte, D. (2018). Adaptation of the Test of Performance Strategies Competition Subscale to Spanish. Psicothema, 30(1):123–9. DOI: 10.7334/psicothema2017.124.
  • Lundquist, M., Nelson, M.J., Debenedictis, T., Gollan, S., Fuller, J.T., Larwood, T. & Belenguer, C.R. (2021). Set distance time trials for predicting maximal aerobic speed in female Australian Rules Footballers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(4):391–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.10.002.
  • Marcora, S.M., Bosio, A., & De Morree, H.M. (2008). Locomotor muscle fatigue increases cardiorespiratory responses and reduces performance during intense cycling exercise independently from metabolic stress. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 294(3). DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00678.2007
  • Marcora, S.M., & Staiano, W. (2010) The limit to exercise tolerance in humans: mind over muscle? European Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(4):763–70. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1418-6
  • Martínez-Sanz, J.M., Nuñez, A.F., Sospedra, I., Martínez-Rodríguez, A., Domínguez, R., González-Jurado, J.A. & Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. (2020). Nutrition-Related Adverse Outcomes in Endurance Sports Competitions: A Review of Incidence and Practical Recommendations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,17(11):1–19. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114082.
  • McCormick, A., Meijen, C &Marcora S. Psychological Determinants of Whole-Body Endurance Performance. (2015). Sports Medicine; 45(7): 997–1015. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0319-6
  • McKay, A.K.A., Stellingwerff, T., Smith, E.S., Martin, D.T., Mujika, I., Goosey-Tolfrey, V.L., Sheppard, J. & Burke, L.M. (2022). Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(2):317–31. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451.
  • McLaughlin, J.E., Howley, E.T., Bassett, D.R., Thompson, D.L. & Fitzhugh, E.C. (2010). Test of the classic model for predicting endurance running performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(5):991–7. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c0669d
  • Meireles, T., Inoue, A., Coelho, C., Lima, A., Souza, B. & Ramalho, B.R. (2012). Estimated VO2max and its corresponding velocity predict performance of amateur runners. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 14(2):192–201. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n2p192
  • Miller, A., & Donohue, B. (2003). The Development and Controlled Evaluation of Athletic Mental Preparation Strategies in High School Distance Runners. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(4):321–34. DOI:10.1080/714044200
  • Morgan, D.W., Baldini, F.D., Martin, P.E. & Kohrt, W.M. (1989). Ten kilometer performance and predicted velocity at VO2max among well-trained male runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 21(1):78–83. DOI: 10.1249/00005768-198902000-00014.
  • Morgan, K. and Sproule, J. (2012). Motivation in Sport and Exercise in J. Sproule (Ed.), Sports, exercise and Health Science (231-241). Oxford.
  • Nigussie, Y. T., & Tegegne, Z. M. (2024). Effects of continuous, interval, and combined training methods on middle-and long-distance runners' performance. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (58), 418-425.
  • Petit, M.A., Nelson, C.M. & Rhodes, E.C. (1997). Comparison of a mathematical model to predict 10-km performance from the Conconi test and ventilatory threshold measurements. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 22(6):562–72. DOI: 10.1139/h97-036.
  • Post, P., Muncie, S., & Simpson, D. (2012). The Effects of Imagery Training on Swimming Performance: An Applied Investigation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(3):323–37. DOI:10.1080/10413200.2011.643442.
  • Rainer, M., Vealey, R.S. & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Human Kinetics.
  • Real Federación Española de Atletismo. (2023, Feb 12). XIII Campeonato de España de 10 en ruta Absoluto y Máster. https://atletismorfea.es/normas/pdf/Reglamento2022/10_al_10km.pdf
  • Robazza, C., Pellizzari, M. & Hanin, Y. (2004). Emotion self-regulation and athletic performance: An application of the IZOF model. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(4):379–404. DOI:10.1016/S1469-0292(03)00034-7.
  • Röthlin, P., Horvath, S., & Birrer, D. (2019). Go soft or go home? A scoping review of empirical studies on the role of self-compassion in the competitive sport setting. Current Issues in Sport Science, 4, 1-14. doi: 10.15203/CISS_2019.013.
  • Röthlin, P., Wyler, M., Müller, B., Zenger, N., Kellenberger, K., Wehrlin, J.P., Birrer, D., Lorenzetti, S. & Trösch, S. (2022). Body and mind? Exploring physiological and psychological factors to explain endurance performance in cycling. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(1):101-108. DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2018049
  • Sackett, A.M., Wu, G., White, R.J., & Markle, A. (2014). Harnessing Optimism: How Eliciting Goals Improves Performance. SSRN Electronic Journal, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2544020
  • Sage, G. (1977). Introduction to Motor Behaviour: A Neurophysiological Approach. 2nd edition. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
  • Sandford, G.N., Rogers, S.A., Sharma, A.P., Kilding, A.E., Ross, A. & Laursen, P.B. (2019). Implementing Anaerobic Speed Reserve Testing in the Field: Validation of vVO2max Prediction From 1500-m Race Performance in Elite Middle-Distance Runners. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(8):1147–50. DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0553.
  • Sandford, G.N. & Stellingwerff, T. (2019). “Question Your Categories”: the Misunderstood Complexity of Middle-Distance Running Profiles With Implications for Research Methods and Application. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 1. DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00028.
  • Simonsmeier, B.A., Andronie, M., Buecker, S., & Frank C. (2021). The effects of imagery interventions in sports: a meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(1):186–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1780627.
  • Spino, M., & Straub W.F. (2014). Effect of mental training on the performance of college age distance runners. The Sport Journal, 17.
  • Tanaka, K., Matsuura, Y., Matsuzaka, A., Hirakoba, K., Kumagai, S., Sun, S.O. & Asano, K. (1984). A longitudinal assessment of anaerobic threshold and distance-running performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,16(3):278–82.
  • Tanaka, H., Monahan, K.D. & Seals, D.R. (2001). Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 37(1):153–6. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01054-8.
  • Tanaka, K., Watanabe, H., Konishi, Y., Mitsuzono, R., Sumida, S., Tanaka, S., Fukuda, T., Nakadomo, F. (1986). Longitudinal associations between anaerobic threshold and distance running performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 55(3):248–52. DOI: 10.1007/BF02343795.
  • Taylor, I.M., Smith, K., & Hunte R. (2020). Motivational processes during physical endurance tasks. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 30(9):1769–76. DOI: 10.1111/sms.13739
  • Vallerand, R.J. & Thill, E. (1993). Introduction au concept de motivation. Introduction à la psychologie de la motivation. Laval : Éditions Études Vivantes.
  • Van Raalte J.L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B.W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. (2016) Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22:139–48. DOI:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004
  • Wack, S.R., Crosland, K.A., & Miltenberger, R.G. (2014). Using goal setting and feedback to increase weekly running distance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 47(1):181–5. DOI: 10.1002/jaba.108.
  • Wallace, P.J., McKinlay, B.J., Coletta, N.A., Vlaar, J.I., Taber, M.J., Wilson, P.M., & Cheung, S.S. (2017). Effects of Motivational Self-Talk on Endurance and Cognitive Performance in the Heat. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 49(1):191–9. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001087.
  • Weinberg, R., & Butt, J. (2014). Goal-setting and sport performance. In: A.G. Papaioannou & D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge Companion to Sport and Exercise Psychology: Global perspectives and fundamental concepts (1st ed). Routledge.
  • Weinberg, R.S., Smith, J., Jackson, A., & Gould, D. (1984). Effect of association, dissociation and positive self-talk strategies on endurance performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 9:25–32.
  • Weineck, J. (2005). Entrenamiento total. Paidotribo.
  • Wesson, K., Wiggins, N., Thompson, G. and Hartigan, S. (2000). Sport and PE. 2nd ed. Hodder & Stoughton Educational.
  • World Athletics. (2023, Jan 24). World Records. https://worldathletics.org/records/by-category/world-records
  • Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L., Müller, K. & Vaughan, D. (2023, Jun 6). A Grammar of Data Manipulation [R package dplyr version 1.1.4]. . https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr
  • Yendrizal, Y., Okilanda, A., Masrun, M., Ridwan, M., Ahmed, M., Crisari, S., & Tulyakul, S. (2024). Unlocking the science of physical endurance: Training techniques and biological factors. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (55), 504-512.
  • Yerkes, R.M. & Dodson, J.D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology & Psychology, 18(5):459–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.920180503.
  • Zuber, C. & Conzelmann, A. (2014). The impact of the achievement motive on athletic performance in adolescent football players. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(5):475–83. DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.837513.
Data source: Dialnet