Maladaptive Schemas as An Explanation for Gender Differences in Eating Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents

  1. Laura Molina, Izaskun Orue 1
  2. Izaskun Orue Sola
  3. Esther Calvete 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Deusto, España.
Revista:
Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes

ISSN: 2340-8340

Año de publicación: 2023

Título del ejemplar: (Mayo 2023)

Volumen: 10

Número: 2

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.21134/RPCNA.2023.10.2.3 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

The present study examined gender differences in early maladaptive schemas as an explanation for gender differences in the prevalence of eating disorder symptomatology. A total of 789 adolescents (406 boys and 383 girls) between 11 and 17 years of age (M = 14.51, SD = 1.59) completed both the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-8) to assess eating disorder symptomatology and the Brief Version of the Young Schema Questionnaire for Adolescents and Young Adults (YSQ-3-B) to assess early maladaptive schemas. The results showed that girls had higher early maladaptive schema scores compared to boys, particularly for the disconnection and rejection domain, the impaired autonomy and performance domain, and the other-directedness domain, partially explaining their higher eating disorder symptom scores. The findings of the study are discussed considering the social and patriarchal mandates that exist regarding gender.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Alba, J., Calvete, E., Wante, L., Van Beveren, M. L., & Braet, C. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas as moderators of the association between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9874-5
  • Barbeau, K., Carbonneau, N., & Pelletier, L. (2022). Family members and peers’ negative and positive body talk: How they relate to adolescent girls’ body talk and eating disorder attitudes. Body Image, 40, 213–224. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.010
  • Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.
  • Boone, L., Braet, C., Vandereycken, W., & Claes, L. (2013). Are maladaptive schema domains and perfectionism related to body image concerns in eating disorder patients? European Eating Disorders Review, 21(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2175
  • Calvete, E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(7), 1083–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9229-5.
  • Calvete, E. (2020). Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young: Adaptación de una versión breve para adolescentes y jóvenes españoles. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.5944/ rppc.29013
  • Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2013). Cognitive mechanisms of the transmission of violence: Exploring gender differences among adolescents exposed to family violence. Journal of Family Violence, 28(1), 73–84. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10896-012-9472-y
  • Calvete, E., Orue, I., Echezarraga, A., Cortazar, N., & Fernández-González, L. (2022). A growth mindset intervention to promote resilience against online peer victimization: A randomized controlled trial. Computers in Human Behavior, 135, 107373.
  • Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(1), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9438-x
  • Chen, C., & Gonzales, L. (2022). Understanding weight stigma in eating disorder treatment: Development and initial validation of a treatment-based stigma scale. Journal of Health Psychology, 1–18. https://doi. org/10.1177/13591053221079177
  • Cooper, M. J., Rose, K. S., & Turner, H. (2005). Core beliefs and the presence or absence of eating disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38(1), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20157
  • Culbert, K. M., Sisk, C. L., & Klump, K. L. (2021). A narrative review of sex differences in eating disorders: Is there a biological basis? Clinical Therapeutics, 43(1), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.12.003
  • Deas, S., Power, K., Collin, P., Yellowlees, A., & Grierson, D. (2011). The relationship between disordered eating, perceived parenting, and perfectionistic schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(5), 414–424. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10608-010-9319-x
  • Dozois, D. J., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Risk factors in depression. Elsevier. Galmiche, M., Déchelotte, P., Lambert, G., & Tavolacci, M. P. (2019). Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 period: a systematic literature review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(5), 1402–1413.
  • Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1979). The eating attitudes test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9(2), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700030762
  • Gongora, V. C., Derksen, J. J., & van Der Staak, C. P. (2004). The role of core beliefs in the specific cognitions of bulimic patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(4), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1097/01. nmd.0000120889.01611.2f
  • Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2015). Adolescent Eating Disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(1), 177–196. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chc.2014.08.003
  • Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. Guilford Press. Jackson, S., & Vares, T. (2015). ‘Perfect skin’,‘pretty skinny’: girls’ embodied identities and post-feminist popular culture. Journal of Gender Studies, 24(3), 347–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2013.841573
  • Kapoor, A., Upadhyay, M. K., & Saini, N. K. (2022). Relationship of eating behavior and self-esteem with body image perception and other factors among female college students of University of Delhi. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 11(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp. jehp_855_21
  • Láng, A. (2015). Machiavellianism and early maladaptive schemas in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 162–165. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.039
  • Maher, A., Cason, L., Huckstepp, T., Stallman, H., Kannis‐Dymand, L., Millear, P., Mason, J., Wood, A., & Allen, A. (2022). Early maladaptive schemas in eating disorders: A systematic review. European Eating Disorders Review, 30(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2866
  • Meneguzzo, P., Collantoni, E., Bonello, E., Busetto, P., Tenconi, E., & Favaro, A. (2020). The predictive value of the early maladaptive schemas in social situations in anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 28(3), 318–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2724
  • Meneguzzo, P., Todisco, P., Collantoni, E., Meregalli, V., Dal Brun, D., Tenconi, E., & Favaro, A. (2021). A Multi-Faceted Evaluation of Impulsivity Traits and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(24), 5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245895
  • Meyer, C., & Gillings, K. (2004). Parental bonding and bulimic psychopathology: The mediating role of mistrust/abuse beliefs. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35(2), 229–233. https://doi. org/10.1002/eat.10236
  • Meyer, C., Leung, N., Feary, R., & Mann, B. (2001). Core beliefs and bulimic symptomatology in non-eating-disordered women: The mediating role of borderline characteristics. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 30(4), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.1104
  • Miles, S., Nedeljkovic, M., & Phillipou, A. (2022). Can Cognitive Flexibility and Clinical Perfectionism Be Used to Identify People with Anorexia Nervosa? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(7), 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jcm11071954
  • Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non-clinical adolescents: Relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(6), 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.506
  • Murnen, S. K., & Smolak, L. (2015). Gender and Eating Disorders. In L. Smolak & M.P. Levine (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of Eating Disorders (pp. 352–366). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118574089.ch27
  • Murray, S. B., Ganson, K. T., Chu, J., Jann, K., & Nagata, J. M. (2022). The Prevalence of Preadolescent Eating Disorders in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.11.031
  • Nicol, A., Mak, A. S., Murray, K., Walker, I., & Buckmaster, D. (2020). The relationships between early maladaptive schemas and youth mental health: a systematic review. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(4), 715–751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10092-6
  • Orue, I., Calvete, E., & Padilla, P. (2014). Brooding rumination as a mediator in the relation between early maladaptive schemas and symptoms of depression and social anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 37(8), 1281–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.004
  • Pauwels, E., Claes, L., Smits, D., Dierckx, E., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Peuskens, H., & Vandereycken, W. (2013). Validation and reliability of the Young Schema Questionnaire in a Flemish inpatient eating disorder and alcohol and substance use disorder sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9501-4
  • Peláez-Fernández, M. A., Ruiz-Lázaro, P. M., Labrador, F. J., & Raich, R. M. (2014). Validación del Eating Attitudes Test como instrumento de cribado de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en población general. Medicina Clínica, 142(4), 153–155. doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2013.03.018
  • Pugh, M. (2015). A narrative review of schemas and schema therapy outcomes in the eating disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 39, 30–41. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.04.003
  • Richter, F., Strauss, B., Braehler, E., Altmann, U., & Berger, U. (2016). Psychometric properties of a short version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-8) in a German representative sample. Eating Behaviors, 21, 198–204. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.03.006
  • Sahlan, R. N., Saunders, J. F., Mond, J. M., & Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E. (2021). Eating disorder symptoms among adolescent boys and girls in Iran. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ eat.23420
  • Santos, L., Vagos, P. & Rijo, D. (2018). Dimensionality and Measurement Invariance of a Brief Form of the Young Schema Questionnaire for Adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 2100–2111. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10826-018- 1050-3
  • Sarin, S., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2003). The relationship between core beliefs and a history of eating disorders: An examination of the life stories of university students. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17, 359–374.
  • Schaefer, L. M., Burke, N. L., & Thompson, J. K. (2019). Thin-ideal internalization: How much is too much? Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 24(5), 933–937.
  • Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422
  • Smith, A. J., Farstad, S. M., & von Ranson, K. M. (2021). Self‐reported eating disorder psychopathology prevalence in community based female and male Albertans: Gender and age group comparisons. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(3), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23434
  • Turner, H. M., Rose, K. S., & Cooper, M. J. (2005a). Parental bonding and eating disorder symptoms in adolescents: The mediating role of core beliefs. Eating Behaviors, 6(2), 113–118. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.08.010.
  • Turner, H. M., Rose, K. S., & Cooper, M. J. (2005b). Schema and parental bonding in overweight and nonoverweight female adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 29, 381–387. https:// doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802915
  • Unoka, Z., Tölgyes, T., Czobor, P., & Simon, L. (2010). Eating disorder behavior and early maladaptive schemas in subgroups of eating disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(6), 425–431. https://doi.org/10.1097/ NMD.0b013e3181e07d3d
  • van Wijk-Herbrink, M. F. (2018). Schema Therapy in adolescents with externalizing behavior problems: Bridging theory and practice. Uitgeverij BOXPress.
  • Vega, A. T., Rasillo, M. Á., Alonso, J. E.L., Carretero, G.R., & Martín, M. F. (2005). Eating disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40(12), 980–987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0996-9
  • Vervaet, M., Puttevils, L., Hoekstra, R. H., Fried, E., & Vanderhasselt, M. A. (2021). Transdiagnostic vulnerability factors in eating disorders: A network analysis. European Eating Disorders Review, 29(1), 86–100. https:// doi.org/10.1002/erv.2805
  • Wilson, S., Benning, S. D., & Racine, S. E. (2022). Examining relationships among thin-ideal internalization, eating pathology, and motivational reactions to high-and low-calorie food. Appetite, 178, 106258. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106258
  • Young, J. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Professional Resource Exchange.
  • Young, J. (2006). Young Schema Questionnaire-3. Cognitive Therapy Center. Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1998). Young schema questionnaire short form.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. Guilford.
  • Zarychta, K., Luszczynska, A., & Scholz, U. (2014). The association between automatic thoughts about eating, the actual–ideal weight discrepancies, and eating disorders symptoms: a longitudinal study in late adolescence. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 19(2), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-014-0099-2