Spanish Validation of The Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire for Pre-adolescents

  1. Maite Larrucea-Iruretagoyena 1
  2. Izaskun Orue 1
  1. 1 University of Deusto, Spain
Revista:
Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes

ISSN: 2340-8340

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 9

Número: 2

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes

Resumen

El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue validar la versión española del cuestionario The Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures questionnaire (ECR–RS; Fraley et al., 2011). A través de este instrumento se mide la estructura dimensional del apego (ansiedad y evitación) hacia distintos dominios relacionales (madre, padre y amistades). La muestra la formaron 795 preadolescentes (49,1% chicas) de entre 9 y 14 años (M=12,86; DT=1,28), quienes fueron seleccionados al azar de siete colegios vizcaínos. Los participantes completaron medidas sobre el apego, comportamiento prosocial, problemas emocionales y comportamentales, y dificultades en regulación emocional. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que la adaptación española del ECR–RS sigue la estructura original de dos factores y se mantiene invariante con respecto al género. Las dos dimensiones del apego se asociaron de manera positiva con problemas emocionales y comportamentales, y dificultades en regulación emocional, y de forma negativa con comportamiento prosocial. Se encontraron diferencias de género en los dominios de amistades, madre y medida global, donde los chicos obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas que las chicas en ansiedad y las chicas más altas que los chicos en evitación. La adaptación española del ECR–RS para preadolescentes es un instrumento fiable y válido para medir el apego ansioso y evitativo hacia diferentes dominios relacionales

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Ainsworth, M. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(4), 333. https://doi. org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.333
  • Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939
  • Bosmans, G., & Kerns, K. A. (2015). Attachment in middle childhood: Progress and prospects. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2015(148), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20100
  • Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). The Guilford Press.
  • Brenning, K., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2011). An adaptation of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Revised for use with children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(8), 1048–1072. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407511402418
  • Brenning, K., Van Petegem, S., Vanhalst, J., & Soenens, B. (2014). The psychometric qualities of a short version of the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale–Revised Child version. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.005
  • Brumariu, L. E., Madigan, S., Giuseppone, K. R., Movahed Abtahi, M., & Kerns, K. A. (2018). The Security Scale as a measure of attachment: Meta-analytic evidence of validity. Attachment & Human Development, 20(6), 600–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1433217
  • Cameron, J. J., Finnegan, H., & Morry, M. M. (2012). Orthogonal dreams in an oblique world: A meta-analysis of the association between attachment anxiety and avoidance. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(5), 472–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.05.001
  • Campo-Arias, A., & Oviedo, H. C. (2008). Propiedades psicométricas de una escala: La consistencia interna. Revista Salud Pública, 10 (5), 831–839.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
  • Del Giudice, M. (2019). Sex differences in attachment styles. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.004
  • Deveci Åirin, H., & Åen DoÄan, R. (2021). Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS). SAGE Open, 11(1), 1–15. https://doi. org/10.1177/21582440211006056
  • Feddern Donbaek, D., & Elklit, A. (2014). A validation of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures scale (ECR-RS) in adolescents. Attachment & Human Development, 16(1), 58–76. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14616734.2013.850103
  • Fernández-Fuertes, A. A., Orgaz, B., Fuertes, A., & Carcedo, R. (2011). Measuring romantic attachment in Spanish adolescents: Validation of the brief form of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire. Anales de Psicología, 27(3), 827–833.
  • Finnegan, R. A., Hodges, E. V., & Perry, D. G. (1996). Preoccupied and avoidant coping during middle childhood. Child Development, 67(4), 1318–1328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01798.x
  • Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological Assessment, 23, 615–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022898
  • Goldberg, S., Muir, R., & Kerr, J. (2013). Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives. Routledge.
  • Gómez-Simón, I., Penelo, E., & De La Osa, N. (2014). Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Difficulties Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in Spanish adolescents. Psicothema, 26(3), 401–408. https://doi. org/10.7334/psicothema2013.324
  • Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi. org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
  • Gross, J. T., Stern, J. A., Brett, B. E., & Cassidy, J. (2017). The multifaceted nature of prosocial behavior in children: Links with attachment theory and research. Social Development, 26(4), 661–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/ sode.12242
  • Gyöngyvér, J., & András, V. (2016). Hungarian adaptation of the Experiences in Close Relationships – Relationship Structures questionnaire in an adult sample. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, 71(3), 447–470. https://doi. org/10.1556/0016.2016.71.3.3
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Pearson.
  • Hervás, G., & Jódar, R. (2008). Adaptación al castellano de la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional [The Spanish version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale]. Clínica y Salud, 19(2), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01840-06
  • Jöreskog, K. G., Olsson, U. H., & Wallentin, Y. (2016). Multivariate analysis with LISREL. Springer International Publishing.
  • Karapas, K. S. T., González, M. P. G., Silva, J. B., Tirado, D. L., & Córdova, A. O. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de experiencias en relaciones cercanas-estructuras de relaciones (ECR-RS) para medir apego en adolescentes chilenos [Psychometric properties of the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-RS) Scale for measuring attachment in Chilean adolescents]. Salud & Sociedad, 6(1), 78–93. https://doi. org/10.22199/S07187475.2015.0001.00005
  • Kerns, K. A., Klepac, L., & Cole, A. (1996). Peer relationships and preadolescents’ perceptions of security in the child-mother relationship. Developmental Psychology, 32(3), 457. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.3.457
  • Khan, F., Chong, J. Y., Theisen, J. C., Fraley, R. C., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2020). Development and change in attachment: A multiwave assessment of attachment and its correlates across childhood and adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(6), 1188. https://doi.org/10.1037/ pspi0000211
  • Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. Guilford Press. Marci, T., Moscardino, U., & Altoè, G. (2019). The brief Experiences in Close
  • Relationships Scale-Revised Child version (ECR-RC): Factor structure and invariance across middle childhood and early adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43(5), 409–423. https://doi. org/10.1177/0165025418785975
  • Martínez, C., & Santelices, M. P. (2005). Evaluación del apego en el adulto: Una revision [Adult attachment assessment: A review]. Psykhe, 14(1), 181–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282005000100014
  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 6–10. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.006
  • Moreira, H., Martins, T., Gouveia, M. J., & Canavarro, M. C. (2015). Assessing adult attachment across different contexts: Validation of the Portuguese version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97(1), 22–30. https://doi. org/10.1080/00223891.2014.950377
  • Muñiz, J., Elosua, P., & Hambleton, R. K. (2013). Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: Segunda edición [International test commission guidelines for test translation and adaptation: Second edition.]. Psicothema, 25(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.24
  • Nóblega, M., Nuñez, J. D., Alcántara Zapata, N., Barreda Parra, V. A., Cabrerizo, P., Castañeda Valdivia, E. A., Jesús Peña, M. M., Nóblega Olivera, A., Oré Luján, B., Palomino, A., Ramírez Barrantes, R. J., & Vásquez Samalvides, L. C. (2018). Propiedades psicométricas de una versión en español del Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) [Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Scale]. Revista de Psicología, 27(2), 1–13. http:// dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2019.52308
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill. Ortuño-Sierra, J., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Sastre i Riba, S., & Muñiz,
  • J., (2015). Screening mental health problems during adolescence: Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescence, 38, 49–56. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.11.001
  • Rodríguez-Hernández, P. J., Betancort, M., Ramírez-Santana, G. M., García, R., Sanz-Alvarez, E. J., & De las Cuevas-Castresana, C. (2014). Puntos de corte de la versión española del Cuestionario de Cualidades y Dificultades (SDQ) [Cut-off points for the Spanish version of the Strenghts and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)]. Revista de Psiquiatría Infanto-juvenil, 31(3), 23–29.
  • Sarling, A., Jansson, B., Englén, M., Bjärtå, A., Rondung, E., & Sundin, Ö. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS global nine-item version). Cogent Psychology, 8(1), 1926080. https://doi. org/10.1080/23311908.2021.1926080
  • Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., & Cassidy, J. (2019). Attachment, caregiving in couple relationships, and prosocial behaviour in the wider world. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. copsyc.2018.02.009
  • SiroÅová, A., Cígler, H., Ježek, S., & Lacinová, L. (2020). Psychometric characteristics of the ECR-RS, structure of the relationship between global and specific attachment–cross-validation of the results using the Czech and original versions of the ECR-RS. Studia Psychologica, 62(4), 291–313. https://doi.org/10.31577/sp.2020.04.806
  • SkoczeÅ, I., GÅogowska, K., Kamza, A., & Włodarczyk, A. (2019). The Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Revised Child version: Reliability and structural validity of the Polish adaptation. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(4), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740 5629.2017.1422719
  • Zambrano Cruz, R., Villada Zapata, J. A., Vallejo Zapata, V. J., Córdoba Sánchez, V., Giraldo Hernández, J. J., Herrera, B., Giraldo, M., & Correa Ramírez, C. (2009). Propiedades psicométricas de la prueba de apego adulto “Experiencias en relaciones cercanas-revisado” (Experiences in close relationships-revised, ECR-R) en población colombiana [Psychometric properties of adult attachment measure Experiences in close relationships – revised (ECR-R) in Colombian population]. Pensando Psicología, 5(8), 6–14.