La crisis social de la política y la movilización política de la crisisel 15-M

  1. Benjamín Tejerina
  2. Iganacia Perugorría
Journal:
Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez

ISSN: 0076-230X

Year of publication: 2017

Issue: 47

Pages: 81-99

Type: Article

DOI: 10.4000/MCV.7727 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez

Abstract

This article sets out to rethink the relation between mobilisation and democratisation processes in Spain since the inception of the 15M movement. More specifically, we propose to analyse: 1) the origin of the movement, sparked by the social consequences of the economic crisis and the erosion of the democratic system; 2) the 15M’s discourse and internal debate around the perceived deficiencies of politics and representative institutions; and 3) the triple process of democratisation driven by the 15M movement. With regard to this latter point, we will be examining: a) the materialisation of horizontal, deliberative and face-to-face democracy in both encampments and assemblies; b) the connective (re)mediation and the online network system put in place by the 15M; and c) the evolution from «parallel agora» to »political observatory» and, ultimately, to the re-legitimisation of (a renewed) political representation conceived as a Second Democratic Transition. Data come from the qualitative CIS study on Political Representations and 15M (2011), 20 in-depth interviews conducted by the project 15M.cc, and from manifestos and internal documents issued by new collectives and political parties born in the post-15M period.

Bibliographic References

  • Alberich, Tomás (2012), «Antecedents, Achievements and Challenges of the Spanish Socio-political Movement 15M», en Benjamín Tejerina, Ignacia Perugorría (eds.), From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilizations and Democratization, Bilbao, Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, pp. 78-92.
  • Alcazán, ArnauMonty, Axebra, Quodlibetat, Levi, Simona, SuNotissima, TakeTheSquare, Toret, Javier (2012), Tecnopolítica, Internet y r-evoluciones. Sobre la centralidad de redes digitales en el #15M, Madrid, Icaria-Asaco.
  • Benedicto, Jorge (2004), «Cultural structures and political life: The cultural matrix of democracy in Spain», European Journal of Political Research, 43 (3), pp. 287-307. DOI : 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00155.x
  • Benski, Tova, Langman, Lauren, Perugorría, Ignacia, Tejerina, Benjamín (2013), «From the Street and Squares to Social Movement Studies: What Have we Learned?», Current Sociology, 61 (4), pp. 541-561. DOI : 10.1177/0011392113479753
  • Blumer, Herbert (1957), «Collective Behavior», en Joseph B. Gittler (dir.), Review of Sociology. Analysis of a Decade, Nueva York, John Eiley and Sons, pp. 127-158.
  • Calvo, Kerman (2013), «Fighting for a Voice: The Spanish 15M/Indignados Movement», en Cristina Flesher Fominaya, Laurence Cox (eds.), Understanding European Movements: New Social Movements, Global Justice Struggles, Anti-austerity Protest, Londres, Routledge, pp. 236-253.
  • Calvo, Kerman, Gómez-Pastrana, Teresa, Mena, Luis (2011), «Movimiento 15M: ¿quiénes son y qué reivindican?», en Zoom Político (2011/04), Madrid, Fundación Alternativas, en línea en <www.falternativas.org/content/download/17957/496394/version/13/file/zoomPol_04_julio_07.pdf>.
  • Castells, Manuel (2012), Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the Internet age, Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Castells, Manuel (2013), Redes de indignación y esperanza: Los movimientos sociales en la era de Internet, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.
  • CIS (2011a), Estudio 2905. Barómetro de junio de 2011, en línea en <http://www.cis.es/cis/opencm/ES/1_encuestas/estudios/ver.jsp?estudio=11424>.
  • CIS (2011b), Representaciones políticas y Movimiento 15M. Estudio 2921, Madrid, CIS.
  • Corsín, Alberto, Estalella, Adolfo (2011), «Asambleas populares: el ritmo urbano de una política de la experimentación», en Marta Cruells, Pedro Ibarra (eds.), La democracia del futuro. Del 15M a la emergencia de una sociedad, Barcelona, Icaria, pp. 61-80.
  • Dahrendorf, Ralf (1981), Life Chances: Approaches to Social and Political Theory, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Della Porta, Donatella (2014), «Social movements and the European Union: Eurosceptics or critical europeanists?», Notre Europe, Policy paper no 22.
  • Dufour, Pascale, Nez, Héloïse, Ancelovici, Marcos (inédita), «Streets Politics in the Age of Austerity: From the Indignad@s to Occupy», comunicación leída en 20th International Conference of Europeanists, Ámsterdam, 25-27 de junio de 2013.
  • Estalella, Adolfo, Corsín, Alberto (2013), «Asambleas al aire: la arquitectura ambulatoria de una política en suspensión», Revista de Antropología Experimental, 13, pp. 73-88.
  • Fischman, Robert (2012), «On the significance of public protest in Spanish democracy», en Jacint Jordana, Vicenç Navarro, Francesc Pallarés, Ferrán Requejo (eds.), Democràcia, política i societat: Homenatge a Rosa Virós, Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, pp. 351-366.
  • Fuster Morell, Mayo (en prensa), «From digital commons to society commons: influence of the free culture movement into the 15M mobilization», en Benjamín Tejerina, Ignacia Perugorría (eds.), Crisis and mobilizations of the indignant. The 15M Movement in Spain, Londres, Routledge.
  • Gamson, William (1992), Talking Politics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • García-Rosales, Cristina, Penella, Manuel (2011), Palabras para indignados. Hacia una nueva revolución humanista, Madrid, Mandala Ediciones.
  • Gerbaudo, Paolo (2012), Tweets and the streets. Social media and contemporary activism, Londres, Pluto Press.
  • Goffman, Erving (1974), Frame Analysis. An Essay on the organization of Experience, Boston, Northeastern University Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen (1973), Problemas de legitimación en el capitalismo tardío, Buenos Aires, Amorrortu Editores.
  • Hessel, Stephane (2011), ¡Indignaos!, Barcelona, Destino.
  • Hirschman, Albert O. (1970), Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States, Harvard, Harvard University Press.
  • Jiménez Sánchez, Manuel (2011), «¿Influyó el 15M en las elecciones municipales?», Zoom Político, 4, pp. 18-28.
  • Jurado Gillabert, Francisco (inédita), Tecnopolítica, redes y movimientos sociales: de la revolución en las comunicaciones al cambio de paradigma, tesis de Master leída en 2013 en la Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla.
  • Kriesi, Hanspeter (1995), «The Political Opportunity Structure of New Social Movements: Its Impact on their Mobilization», en Craig Jenkins, Bert Klandermans (eds.), The Politics of Social Protest. Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 167-198.
  • Langman, Lauren (2013), «Occupy: A New New Social Movement», Current Sociology, 61 (4), pp. 510-524.
  • Likki, Tina (2012), «15M Revisited: A Diverse Movement United for Change», en Zoom Político (2012/11), Madrid, Fundación Alternativas, en línea en <http://www.fundacionalternativas.org/actividades/presentaciones/nuevo-zoom-politico-2012-11-15m-revisited-a-diverse-movement-united-for-change>.
  • Martínez, María (en prensa), «La revolución será feminista, o no será. Reflections on feminism and the 15M», en Benjamín Tejerina, Ignacia Perugorría (eds.), Crisis and mobilizations of the indignant. The 15M Movement in Spain, Londres, Routledge.
  • Martínez, Miguel Ángel, García, Ángela (en prensa), «The occupation of squares and the squatting of buildings: Lessons about the convergence of two social movements», en Benjamín Tejerina, Ignacia Perugorría (eds.), Crisis and mobilizations of the indignant. The 15M Movement in Spain, Londres, Routledge.
  • McAdam, Doug (1982), Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. DOI : 10.7208/chicago/9780226555553.001.0001
  • McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney, Tilly, Charles (2001), Dynamics of Contention, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. DOI : 10.1080/1474283032000062585
  • Melucci, Alberto (1989), Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, Londres, Hutchinson Radius.
  • Melucci, Alberto (1996), Challenging Codes. Collective Action in the Information Age, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Metroscopia (2011), El 15M tres años después, en línea en <http://www.metroscopia.org/datos-recientes/tag/metroscopia-dinamico/15-M>.
  • Morán, María Luz, Benedicto, Jorge (1995), La cultura política de los españoles: un ensayo de reinterpretación, Madrid, CIS.
  • Muñoz, Alba (2011), «Del síndrome wikileaks a la democracia 2.0. Las redes sociales y el 15M», en Josep María Antentas et alii (eds.), Las voces del 15M, Barcelona, Los libros del lince, pp. 34-43.
  • Nez, Héloïse (2012), «Among Militants and Deliberative Laboratories: The Indignados», en Benjamín Tejerina, Ignacia Perugorría (eds.), From Social to Political. New Forms of Mobilizations and Democratization, Bilbao, Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, pp. 123-138.
  • Peña-López, Ismael, Congosto, Mariluz, Aragón, Pablo (inédita), «Spanish Indignados and the Evolution of #15M: Towards Networked Para-institutions», comunicación leída en la 9th International Conference on Internet, Law and Politics, Barcelona, 25-26 junio de 2013.
  • Pérez-Altable, Laura (inédita), Social movements and network analysis. The case of Tunisia digital activism before and during the Arab Spring (2010-2011), tesis de doctorado (PhD) leída en 2016 en la Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona.
  • Perugorría, Ignacia, Tejerina, Benjamín (2013), «Politics of the Encounter: Cognition, Emotions, and Networks in the Spanish 15M», Current Sociology, 61 (4), pp. 424-442. DOI : 10.1177/0011392113479743
  • Perugorría, Ignacia, Tejerina, Benjamín (2014), «Synchronizing Identities: Crafting the Space of Mobilization in the Spanish 15M», en Nicholas P. Petropoulos, George Tsobanoglou (eds.), The Debt Crisis in the Eurozone: Social Impacts, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholar Publishing, pp. 282-303.
  • Perugorría, Ignacia, Shalev, Michael, Tejerina, Benjamín (2014), «The Spanish Indignados and Israel’s Social Justice Movement: The Role of Political Cleavages in Two Large-scale Protests», en Marcos Ancelovici, Pascale Dufour, Héloïse Nez (eds.), Street Politics in the Age of Austerity: From the Indignados to Occupy, Ámsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 91-118.
  • Romanos, Eduardo, Aguilar, Susana (2016), «Is Spain still different? Social movements research in a belated Western European democracy», en Olivier Fillieule, Guya Accornero (eds.), Social movement studies in Europe: The state of the art, Nueva York, Berghahn, pp. 338-355.
  • Romanos, Eduardo (2011), «El 15M y la democracia de los movimientos sociales», Books and Ideas, 18 de noviembre, en línea en <http://www.booksandideas.net/El-15M-y-la-democracia-de-los.html>.
  • Romanos, Eduardo (2013), «Collective Learning Processes within Social Movements: Some Insights into the Spanish 15M/Indignados Movement», en Cristina Flesher Fominaya, Laurence Cox (eds.), Understanding European Movements: New Social Movements, Global Justice Struggles, Anti-austerity Protest, Londres, Routledge, pp. 203-219.
  • Smelser, Neil J. (1989), Teoría del comportamiento colectivo, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
  • Snow, David, Rochford, Burke E, Worden, Steven K, Benford, Robert D (1997), «Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation», American Sociological Review, 51, pp. 464-81.
  • Tarrow, Sidney (1997), Power in Movement, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511973529
  • Tascón, Mario, Quintana, Yolanda (2012), Ciberactivismo. Las nuevas revoluciones de las multitudes conectadas, Madrid, Libros de la Catarata.
  • Tejerina, Benjamín (2010), La sociedad imaginada. Movimientos sociales y cambio cultural en España, Madrid, Trotta.
  • Tejerina, Benjamín, Perugorría, Ignacia (eds.) [2012], From social to political: New forms of mobilization and democratization, Bilbao, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad del País Vasco.
  • Tilly, Charles (2003), Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650-2000, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511756092
  • Toret, Javier, @Datanalysis15m, Calleja, Antonio, Marín Miró, Óscar, Aragón, Pablo, Aguilera, Miguel, Lumbreras, Alberto (2013), Tecnopolítica: la potencia de las multitudes conectadas. El sistema red 15M, un nuevo paradigma de la política distribuida, IN3 Working Paper (Barcelona), en línea en <http://in3wps.uoc.edu/index.php/in3-working-paper-series/article/view/1878>.
  • Zald, Mayer N, McCarthy, John M (1987), Social Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays, New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers.