Parental Socialization Styles, Parents' Educational Level, and Sexist Attitudes in Adolescence

  1. Garaigordobil Landazabal, Maite 1
  2. Aliri Lazcano, Jone 1
  1. 1 Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
    info

    Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

    Lejona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/000xsnr85

Journal:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Year of publication: 2012

Volume: 15

Issue: 2

Pages: 592-603

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5209/REV_SJOP.2012.V15.N2.38870 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Abstract

The aims of this study were to analyze the differences in the mothers' and fathers' socialization styles depending on their children's sex; whether there are differences in hostile, benevolent, and ambivalent sexism, and neosexism as a function of both parents' socialization styles; and whether the parents' educational level affects their level of sexism and their children's sexism. The sample included 1,455 adolescents and their parents (764 mothers and 648 fathers). The results showed no differences in the socialization style of the father with his children's sexism, but the mother used a more authoritarian style with her daughters. The parents' socialization style had little influence on their children's sexism, although it had a higher impact on the sons' sexism. The father's style had less influence than the mother's on their sons' sexism, and it had no influence on their daughters' sexism. The indulgent style of both parents had the highest relation with a low level of sexism. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the parents' educational level and their level of sexism, as well as between the mother's educational level and her daughters' sexism. To conclude, the indulgent style and the mother's high educational level promote fewer sexist attitudes.

Bibliographic References

  • Ato, M., & Vallejo, G. (2007). Diseños experimentales en psicología [Experimental designs in psychology]. Madrid, Spain: Pirámide.
  • Bulnes, M., Ponce, C., Huerta, R., Álvarez, C., Santiváñez, W., Atalaya, M. Morocho, J. (2008). Resiliencia y estilos de socialización parental en escolares de 4o y 5o año de secundariade Lima Metropolitana [Resilience and depression in high school students metropolitan Lima with or without participating in violent acts]. Revista de Investigación en Psicología, 11, 67-91.
  • Buysse, T. M. (2000). The mother-daughter relationship and the development of daughters' feminist consciousness. DissertationAbstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 60 (12-B), 6419.
  • Cameron, C. (1977). Sex-role attitudes. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Attitudes and opinions (pp. 339-359). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
  • de Lemus, S., Castillo, M., Moya, M., Padilla, J. L., & Ryan, E. (2008). Elaboración y validación del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente para Adolescentes [Development and validation of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory for Adolescents]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8, 537-562.
  • Ex, C. T., & Janssens, J. M. (1998). Maternal influences on daughters' gender role attitudes. Sex Roles, 38, 171-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018776931419
  • Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). G*POWER: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 28(1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03203630
  • Expósito, F., Moya, M., & Glick, P. (1998). Sexismo ambivalente: medición y correlatos [Ambivalent sexism: Measurement and correlates]. Revista de Psicología Social, 1, 159-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021347498760350641
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 4, 1149-1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39,175-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Ferrer, V. A., Bosch, E., Ramis, M. C., & Navarro, C. (2006). Las creencias y actitudes sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja: determinantes sociodemográficos, familiares y formativos [Beliefs and attitudes about violence against the female partner: socio-demographics, familiar and formative determinants]. Anales de Psicología, 22, 251-259.
  • Garaigordobil, M., & Durá, A. (2006). Neosexismo en adolescents de 14 a 17 años: relaciones con autoconcepto-autoestima, personalidad, psicopatología, problemas de conducta y habilidades sociales [Neosexism in adolescents aged 14 to 17: relationships with self-concept/self-esteem, personality, psychopathology, behavioral problems and social skills]. Clínica y Salud, 17, 127-149.
  • Garaigordobil, M., & Fagoaga J. M (2006). Juego cooperative para prevenir la violencia en los centros educativos [Cooperative games to prevent violence at school]. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.
  • Garaigordobil, M., Maganto, C., Pérez, J. I., & Sansinenea, E. (2009). Gender differences in socio-emotional developmental factors during adolescence and effects of a violence prevention program. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44, 468-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2008.09.014
  • García, J. F., & Gracia, E. (2009). Is always authoritative the optimum parenting style? Evidence from Spanish families. Adolescence, 44, 101-131.
  • García, J. F., & Gracia, E. (2010). ¿Qué estilo de socialización parental es el idóneo en España? Un estudio con niños y adolescentes de 10 a 14 años [What is the optimum parental socialisation style in Spain? A study with children and adolescents aged 10-14 years]. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 33, 365-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021037010792215118
  • García, J. F., Pascual, J., Frías, M. D., Van Krunckelsven, D., & Murgui, S. (2008). Diseño y análisis de la potencia: n y los intervalos de confianza de las medias [Design and power analysis: n and confidence intervals of means]. Psicothema, 20, 933-938.
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1999). The Ambivalence toward Men Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent beliefs about men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, 519-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00379.x
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications of gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56, 109-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109
  • Huver, R. M. E., Otten, R., de Vries, H., & Engels, C. M. E. (2009). Personality and parenting style in parents of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 395-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.07.012
  • Lameiras, M., & Rodríguez, Y. (2003). Evaluación del sexismo ambivalente en estudiantes gallegos/as [Evaluation of ambivalent sexism in Galician students]. Acción Psicológica, 2, 131-136.
  • Leaper, C. (2002). Parenting girls and boys. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Lee, I., Pratto, F., & Li, M. (2007). Social relationships and sexism in The United States and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 595-612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022107305241
  • Lila, M., Gracia, E., & García, J. F. (2010) Actitudes de la policía ante la intervención en casos de violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja: Influencia del sexismo y la empatía [Police attitudes toward intervention in cases of partner violence against women: The influence of sexism and empathy]. Revista de Psicología Social, 25, 313-323.
  • Marchetti, B. (1997). Concetto di se'relazioni familiari e valori [Concept of the family relationships and values]. (Thesis in Social Psychology) Universita degli Studi di Bologna. Italy.
  • Martínez, I., & García, J. F. (2007). Impact of parenting styles on adolescents' self-esteem and internalization of values in Spain. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 338-348.
  • Martínez, I., & García, J. F. (2008). Internalization of values and self-esteem among Brazilian teenagers from authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful homes. Adolescence, 43, 13-29.
  • Martínez, I., García, J. F., & Yubero, S. (2007). Parenting styles and adolescents' self-esteem in Brazil. Psychological Reports, 100, 731-745. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/PR0.100.3.731-745
  • Martínez Festorazzi, V., Castañeiras, C., & Posada M. C. (2010, February). Socialización y adolescencia: efecto diferencial de los estilos parentales en adolescentes escolarizados [Socialization and adolescence: Differential effect of parental styles in adolescent students]. Comunication presented at the 11th Virtual Congress of Psychiatry, Interpsiquis, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.psiquiatria.com/articulos/psiq_general_y_otras_areas/investigacion/45618/
  • McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2008). Differential parenting between mothers and fathers: Implications for late adolescents. Journalof Family Issues, 29, 806-827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513X07311222
  • Moya, M. (2003). El análisis psicosocial del género [The psychosocial analysis of gender]. In J.F. Morales & C. Huici (Eds.), Estudios de Psicología Social [Social Psychology Studies] (pp. 175-221). Madrid, Spain: UNED.
  • Moya, M. (2004). Actitudes sexistas y nuevas formas de sexismo [Sexist attitudes and new forms of sexism]. In E. Barberá & I. Martínez-Benlloch (Eds.), Psicología y Género [Psychology and Gender] (pp. 271-294). Madrid, Spain: Pearson.
  • Moya, M., & Expósito, F. (2001). Nuevas formas, viejos intereses: Neosexismo en varones españoles [New forms, old interests: Neosexism among Spanish men]. Psicothema, 13, 643-649.
  • Moya, M., Expósito, F., & Padilla, J. L. (2006). Revisión de las propiedades psicométricas de las versiones larga y reducida de la Escala sobre Ideología de Género [Review of the psychometric properties of long and short versions of the Gender Ideology Scale]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 6, 709-727.
  • Moya, M., Navas, L., & Gómez, B. C. (1991, September). Escala sobre la ideología del rol sexual [Scale of sex role ideology]. Records of the Congress of Social Psychology (pp. 554-566). Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
  • Moya, M., Páez, D., Glick, P., Fernández, I., & Poeschl, G. (2002). Sexismo, masculinidad-feminidad y factores culturales [Sexism, masculinity-femininity and cultural factors]. Revista Electrónica de Motivación y Emoción, 3, 127-142.
  • Musitu, G. (2000). Socialización familiar y valores en el adolescente: Un análisis intercultural [Family socialization and values in adolescents: an intercultural analysis]. Anuariode Psicología, 31, 15-32.
  • Musitu, G., & García, F. (2001). ESPA29. Escala de Estilos de Socialización Parental en la Adolescencia [Scale of Parental Socialization Styles in Adolescence]. Madrid, Spain: TEA.
  • Pérez, J. F. G. (2008). Métodos de investigación, diseño y técnicas en las ciencias del comportamiento [Research methods, design and techniques in behavioral sciences]. Valencia, Spain: Palmero Ediciones.
  • Pérez, J. F. G., Navarro, D. F., & Llobell, J. P. (1999). Potencia estadística del diseño de Solomon [Statistical power of the Solomon design]. Psicothema, 1, 431-436.
  • Pychyl, T. A., Coplan, R. J., & Reid, P. A. M. (2002). Parenting and procrastination: Gender differences in the relations between procrastination, parenting style and self-worth in early adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 271-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2801%2900151-9
  • Raffaelli, M., & Ontai, L. (2004). Gender socialization in Latino/a families: Results from two retrospective studies. Sex Roles, 50, 287-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000018886.58945.06
  • Sabattini, L., & Leaper, C. (2004). The relation between mothers' and fathers' parenting styles and their division of labor in thehome: Young adults' retrospective reports. Sex Roles, 50, 217-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000015553.82390.f7
  • Shearer, C. (2008). Gender socialization in the family. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 68(10-B), 7004.
  • Tenenbaum, H., & Leaper, C. (2002). Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender-related cognitions? A metaanalysis. Developmental Psychology, 38, 615-630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.4.615
  • Tougas, F., Brown, R., Beaton, A. M., & Joly, S. (1995). Neosexism: Plus ça change, plus c'est pareil [Neosexism: The more things change, more they stay the same]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 842-849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167295218007
Data source: Dialnet