Transparencia y control social de las actividades operativas de Europol en la lucha contra el tráfico ilícito de migrantes

  1. DAVID FERNÁNDEZ-ROJO
Zeitschrift:
Revista General de Derecho Europeo

ISSN: 1696-9634

Datum der Publikation: 2020

Nummer: 51

Art: Artikel

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Andere Publikationen in: Revista General de Derecho Europeo

Zusammenfassung

The so-called “refugee crisis” and the criminal networks that conduct their activities in the Mediterranean prompted the urge to provide operational assistance to the Member States in their national investigations on migrant smuggling. Therefore, this article analyses the evolution of Europol’s operational tasks since its establishment until the adoption of the Regulation (EU) 2016/794, the participation of the agency in the Joint Investigation Teams, as well as the establishment of the European Migrant Smuggling Centre. This article determines that due to the ambiguity of Regulation (EU) 2016/794 and the secrecy surrounding the operational activities that Europol conducts in practice on the ground regarding migrant smuggling; mechanisms of social accountability shall be introduced within the agency.

Bibliographische Referenzen

  • PI LLORENS, M., “El nuevo mapa de las agencias europeas del Espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia”, Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, vol. 21, nº 56, 2017, p. 85.
  • OCCHIPINTI, J. The politics of EU police cooperation: toward a European FBI?, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003.
  • DEN BOER, M y WALKER, N., “European policing after 1992”, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 31, 1993, pp. 8-9.
  • MONACO, F. “Europol: The culmination of the European Union’s international police cooperation efforts”, Fordham International Law Journal, vol. 19, nº 1, 1995, pp. 247-308.
  • BUNYAN, T. (ed.), “Key texts on justice and home affairs in the European Union: 1976-1993”, Statewatch, 1997, pp. 46-47.
  • WOODWARD, R., “Establishing Europol”, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, vol. 1, nº 4, 1993, p. 19.
  • GROENLEER, M, The autonomy of European Union agencies: A comparative study of institutional development, Eburon Uitgeverij BV, 2009.
  • DE MOOR, A. y VERMEULEN, G., “The Europol council decision: transforming Europol into an agency of the European Union”, Common Market Law Review, vol. 47, nº 42010, pp. 1092-1093.
  • House of Lords (European Union Committee), “EUROPOL: coordinating the fight against serious and organised crime”, 29th Report of Session 2007–08, 12.11.2008.
  • SANTOS VARA, J., “El desarrollo de las competencias de la Oficina Europea de Policía (EUROPOL): el control democrático y judicial”, Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, vol. 7, nº 14, 2003, pp. 141-179.
  • DE MOOR, A., “The Role of Europol in Joint Investigation Teams: a Foretaste of an Executive European Police Office”, en COOLS, M., et. al., Readings on Criminal Justice, Criminal Law and Policing, Antwerp: Maklu, 2009, pp. 330–331.
  • GUALTIERI, C., “Joint Investigation Teams”, ERA forum, vol. 8, nº 2, 2007, pp. 233-238 y RIJKEN, C., “Joint Investigation Teams: principles, practice, and problems: Lessons learnt from the first efforts to establish a ECI”, Utrecht Law Review, vol.2, nº 2, 2006, pp. 99-118.
  • RIJKEN, C. y VERMEULEN, G., Joint Investigation Teams in the European Union: From Theory to Practice, The Hague: TMC Aser Press, 2006.
  • BLOCK, L., “EU Joint Investigation Teams: Political Ambitions and Police Practices”, en HUFNAGEL, S., BRONIT, S. y HARFIELD, C. (eds.), Cross-Border Law Enforcement Regional Law Enforcement Cooperation - European, Australian and Asia-Pacific Perspectives, Londres: Routledge, 2011, p. 107.
  • DEN BOER, M. y BRUGGEMAN, W., “Shifting gear: Europol in the contemporary policing era”, Politique Européenne, vol. 23, nº 3, 2007, p. 82.
  • PEERS, S., “Europol: The final step in the creation of an ‘Investigative and Operational’ European Police Force”, Statewatch Analysis, 2007.
  • TONER, H., “Impact Assessments: A Useful Tool for ‘Better Lawmaking’ in EU Migration Policy?”, en BALDACCINI, A., GUILD, E. y TONER, Helen, Whose Freedom, Security and Justice?, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2007, pp. 109-148.
  • BRUGGEMAN, W., “What are the Options for Improving Democratic Control of Europol and for Providing it with Adequate Operational Capabilities?”, European Parliament Briefing Paper, 16.02.2006.
  • GUILD, E., et. al., “Implementation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and its Impact on EU Home Affairs Agencies - Frontex, Europol and the European Asylum Support Office”, Study for the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, 2011.
  • BUSUIOC, M., CURTIN, D. y GROENLEER, M., “Agency growth between autonomy and accountability: The European Police Office as a ‘living institution”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 18, nº 6, 2011, p. 858.
  • CARRERA, S., DEN HERTOG, L. y PARKIN, J., “The peculiar nature of EU Home Affairs agencies in migration control: beyond accountability versus autonomy?”, European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 15, nº 4, 2013, p. 340.
  • OCCHIPINTI, J., “Still moving toward a European FBI? Re-examining the politics of EU police cooperation”, Intelligence and National Security, 30(2-3), 2015, pp. 234-258.
  • MITSILEGAS, V., “Police Co-operation: What are the Main Obstacles to Police Cooperation in the EU?”, European Parliament Briefing Paper, 14.02.2006.
  • BLASI CASAGRAN, C., “El Reglamento de Europol: un nuevo marco jurídico para el intercambio de datos policiales en la Unión Europea”, Revista General de Derecho Europeo, vol. 40, 2016, pp. 202-221.
  • BLASI CASAGRAN, C., “The new Europol legal framework: Implications for EU Exchanges of information in the field of law enforcement”, en O’NEILL, M. y SWINTON, K. (eds.), Challenges and critiques of the EU internal security strategy: Rights, powers and security, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 149-169.
  • COUDERT, F., “The Europol Regulation and Purpose Limitation: From the ‘Silo-Based Approach’ to … What Exactly?”, European Data Protection Law Review, vol. 3, nº 3, 2017, pp. 313-324.
  • GOIZUETA VÉRTIZ, J., “La cooperación policial en el seno de Europol: el principio de disponibilidad y la confidencialidad de la información”, Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional, vol. 110, 2017, pp. 75-103.
  • PEERS, S., “The reform of Europol: modern EU agency, or intergovernmental dinosaur?”, EU Law Analysis Blog, 18.06.2014, http://eulawanalysis.blogspot.nl/2014/06/the-reform-of-europol-modern-eu-agency.html (último acceso 19/12/2019).
  • DE BUCK, B., “Joint investigation teams: The participation of Europol officials”, ERA Forum, 2007, pp. 260-261.
  • NIEMEIER, M. y WIEGAND, M.A., “Europol and the Architecture of Internal Security”, en MONAR, J. (ed.), The institutional dimension of the European Union’s Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, Peter Lang, 2010, p. 183.
  • SCHALKEN, T. y PRONK, M., “On joint investigation teams, Europol and supervision of their joint actions”, European Journal of Crime Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, vol. 10, nº 1, 2002, pp. 74-76.
  • HERZ, A., “The Role of Europol and Eurojust in Joint Investigation Teams” en RIJKEN, C. y VERMEULEN, G. (eds.), Joint Investigation Teams in the European Union: From Theory to Practice, The Hague: TMC Aser Press, 2006, p. 171.
  • BLASI CASAGRAN, C., “El papel de Europol en la lucha contra el tráfico de migrantes y la trata de seres humanos”, Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, vol. 22, nº 59, 2018, p. 352.
  • CASOLARI, F., “The EU’s hotspot approach to managing the migration crisis: a blind spot for international responsibility?”, The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online, vol. 25, nº 1, 2016, pp. 109-134.
  • FERNÁNDEZ-ROJO, D., “Los hotspots: expansión de las tareas operativas y cooperación multilateral de las agencias europeas Frontex, Easo y Europol”, Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, vol. 61, 2018, pp. 1013-1056.
  • HORII, S. “Accountability, Dependency, and EU Agencies: The Hotspot Approach in the Refugee Crisis”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 0, 2018, pp. 1-27.
  • ALEMANNO, A., “Unpacking the principle of openness in EU law: Transparency, participation and democracy”, European Law Review, vol. 39, nº 1, 2014, pp. 72-90.
  • CURTIN, D. y MEIJER, A.J., “Does transparency strengthen legitimacy?”, Information polity, vol. 11, nº 2, 2006, pp. 109-122.
  • DE FINE LICHT, J., et al., “When does transparency generate legitimacy? Experimenting on a context‐bound relationship”, Governance An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, vol. 27, nº 1, 2014, pp. 111-134.
  • VOS, E., “Independence, accountability and transparency of European regulatory agencies” en GERADIN, D., et al. (ed.), Regulation through agencies: A new Paradigm of European Governance, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005, pp. 120-137.
  • BOVENS, M., “Analysing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework”, European Law Journal, vol. 13, 2007, pp. 447-468.
  • VAN ZYL, A., “How civil society organizations close the gap between transparency and accountability”, Governance, vol. 27, nº 2, 2014, pp. 347-356.
  • GIANNETTO, L., “Lobbying EU Agencies from Within: Advocacy Groups in Frontex Consultative Forum on Fundamental Rights” en Dialer, D. y Richter, M. (Eds.), Lobbying in the European Union: Strategies, Dynamics and Trends, Springer, 2019, pp. 165-184.
  • FERNÁNDEZ-ROJO, D., “The Introduction of an Individual Complaint Mechanism within Frontex: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back”, Tijdschrift voor Bestuurswetenschappen en Publiekrecht, vol. 4-5, 2016, pp. 225-234.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet