The Relationship Between Body and Appearance-Related Self-conscious Emotions and Disordered Eating: The Mediating Role of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety

  1. Mendia, Jara
  2. Pascual, Aitziber
  3. Conejero, Susana
  4. Mayordomo, Sonia
Revue:
International journal of psychology and psychological therapy

ISSN: 1577-7057

Année de publication: 2021

Volumen: 21

Número: 1

Pages: 93-105

Type: Article

D'autres publications dans: International journal of psychology and psychological therapy

Résumé

Over the last decade, several studies have highlighted the role that certain emotional variables play in eating disorders. However, body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions have hardly been studied at all in relation to eating disorders. This cross-sectional study was therefore conducted with two aims: 1) to analyze the differences between those at risk of developing an eating disorder and those not at risk, in relation to body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions and, 2) to analyze the mediating role of symptoms of depression and anxiety in the relationship between body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions and disordered eating. Participants were 196 adult women aged between 18 and 35 who completed the Eating Attitudes Test, the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale and the General Health Questionnaire. The results showed that women at risk scored higher for body shame and body guilt and lower for authentic body pride and hubristic body pride. In most cases, symptoms of depression and anxiety were found to be mediating variables. In conclusion, this study highlights the relevant role played not only by negative emotions (e.g., body shame and body guilt), but also by positive ones (e.g., authentic and hubristic body pride). Our study will help develop more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies

Information sur le financement

This study was supported by the Universidad del Pa?s Vasco and the Gobierno Vasco [Grant IT-1187-1].

Financeurs

Références bibliographiques

  • Alcaraz Ibáñez M & Sicilia A (2018). Psychometric evaluation and sex invariance of the Spanish version of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale. Body Image, 25, 78-84. Doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.02.006
  • Ali K, Farrer L, Fassnacht DB, Gulliver A, Bauer S, & Griffiths KM (2017). Perceived barriers and facilitators towards help seeking for eating disorders: A systematic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50, 9-21. Doi: 10.1002/eat.22598
  • Bessenoff GR & Snow D (2006). Absorbing society’s influence: Body image self-discrepancy and internalized shame. Sex Roles, 54, 727-731. Doi: 10.1007/s11199-006-9038-7
  • Boujut E & Gana K (2014). Relationship between depressive mood and eating disorders in a non-clinical young female sample: A one-year longitudinal analysis of cross-lagged and simultaneous effects. Eating Behaviors, 15, 434-440. Doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.04.01
  • Brechan I & Kvalem IL (2015). Relationship between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: Mediating role of self-esteem and depression. Eating Behaviors, 17, 49-58. Doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.12.008
  • Brockmeyer T, Holtforth MG, Bents H, Herzog W, & Friederich HC (2013). Lower body weight is associated with less negative emotions in sad autobiographical memories of patients with anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Research, 210, 548-552. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.024
  • Burney J & Irwin HJ (2000). Shame and guilt in women with eating disorder symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 51-61. Doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200001)56:1<51::aid-jclp5>3.0.co;2-w
  • Calogero RM & Pina A (2011). Body guilt: Preliminary evidence for a further subjective experience of selfobjectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 428-440. Doi: 10.1177/0361684311408564
  • Castonguay AL, Gilchrist JD, Mack DE, & Sabiston CM (2013). Body-related pride in young adults: An exploration of the triggers, contexts, outcomes and attributions. Body Image, 10, 335-343. Doi: 10.1016/j. bodyim.2013.03.001
  • Castonguay AL, Sabiston CM, Crocker PRE, & Mack DE (2014). Development and validation of the Body and Appearance Self-conscious Emotions Scale (BASES). Body Image, 11, 126-136. Doi: 10.1016/j. bodyim.2013.12.006
  • Chiminazzo JGC, Alcaraz Ibáñez M, Sicilia A, & Fernandes PT, (2019). Psychometric properties of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale in Brazilian adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology. First publish online. Doi: 10.1177/1359105318820690
  • Cohen J (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Conradt M, Dierk JM, Schlumberger P, Rauh E Hebebrand J, & Rief W (2007). Development of the Weight-and Body-Related Shame and Guilt Scale (WEB-SG) in a non clinical sample of obese individuals. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 317-327. Doi: 10.1080/00223890701331856
  • Cruz Sáez MS, Pascual A, Wlodarczyk A, & Echeburúa E (2018). The effect of body dissatisfaction on disordered eating: The mediating role of self-esteem and negative affect in male and female adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 25, 1098-1108. Doi: 10.20960/nh.395
  • Dakanalis A, Carrà G, Calogero R, Zanetti MA, Gaudio S, Caccialanza R, Riva G, & Clerici M (2015). Testing the cognitive behavioural maintenance models across DSM-5 bulimic-type eating disorder diagnostic groups: A multi-centre study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 265, 663-676. Doi: 10.1007/s00406-014-0560-2
  • Dingemans A, Danner U, & Parks M (2017). Emotion regulation in binge eating disorder: A review. Nutrients, 9, e1274. Doi: 10.3390/nu9111274
  • Doran J & Lewis CA (2012). Components of shame and eating disturbance among clinical and non-clinical populations. European Eating Disorders Review, 20, 265-270. Doi: 10.1002/erv.1142
  • Drieberg H, McEvoy, PM, Hoiles KJ, Shu CY, & Egan SJ (2019). An examination of direct, indirect and reciprocal relationships between perfectionism, eating disorder symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children and adolescents with eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 32, 53-59. Doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.12.002
  • Duarte C, Pinto Gouveia J, Ferreira C, & Batista D (2015). Body image as a source of shame: A new measure for the assessment of the multifaceted nature of body image shame. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22, 656-666. Doi: 10.1002/cpp.1925
  • Etxebarria I (2003). Las emociones autoconscientes: culpa, vergüenza y orgullo. In EG Fernández Abascal, MP Jiménez, & MD Martín (Eds.), Motivación y emoción: la adaptación humana (pp. 369-393). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Ramon Areces.
  • Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, & Shafran R (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 509-528. Doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00088-8
  • Ferreira C, Pinto Gouveia J, & Duarte C (2013). Self-compassion in the fase of shame and body image dissatisfaction: Implications for eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 14, 207-210. Doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.005
  • Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Bardone-Cone AM, & Kelly KA (2011). Objectified body consciousness in relation to recovery from an eating disorder. Eating Behaviors, 12, 302-308. Doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.09.001
  • French SA, Story M, Downes B, Resnick MD, & Blum RW (1995). Frequent dieting among adolescents: Psychosocial and health behavior correlates. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 695-701. Doi: 10.2105/AJPH.85.5.695
  • French SA, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, Downes B, Resnick MD, & Blum RW (1997). Ethnic differences in psychosocial and health behavior correlates of dieting, purging, and binge eating in a population-based sample of adolescent females. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 315-322. Doi: AIDEAT11>3.0.CO;2-X
  • Gandarillas A, Zorrilla B, Sepúlveda AR, & Muñoz PE (2003). Trastornos del comportamiento alimentario: Prevalencia de casos clínicos en mujeres adolescentes de la Comunidad de Madrid. Madrid: Instituto de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid.
  • Gagne DA, Von Holle A, Brownley KA, Runfola CD, Hofmeier S, Branch KE, & Bulik CM (2012). Eating disorder symptoms and weight and shape concerns in a large web-based convenience sample of women ages 50 and above: Results of the gender and body image (GABI) study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45, 832-844. Doi: 10.1002/eat.22030
  • Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Bohr Y, & Garfinkel PE (1982). The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12, 871-878. Doi: 10.1017/S0033291700049163
  • Goldberg DP & Hillier VF (1979). A scaled versión of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9, 139-145. Doi: 10.1017/S0033291700021644
  • Goldschmidt AB, Wall M, Loth KA, Le Grange D, & Neumark-Sztainer D (2012). Which dieters are at risk for the onset of binge eating? A prospective study of adolescents and young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 86-92. Doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.001
  • Gupta S, Roshental MZ, Mancini AD, Cheavens JS, & Lynch TR (2008). Emotion regulation skills mediate the effects of shame on eating disorder symptoms in women. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 16, 405-417. Doi: 10.1080/10640260802370572
  • Hayes AF (2017). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression Based Approach. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Hayes AF & Preacher KJ (2013). Conditional process modeling: Using structural equation modeling to examine contingent causal processes. In GR Hancock & RO Mueller (Eds.), A second course in structural equation modeling (pp. 219–266). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
  • Higgins ET (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340. Doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
  • Iannaccone M, D’Olimpio F, Cella S, & Cotrufo P (2016). Self-esteem, body shame and eating disorder risk in obese and normal weight adolescents: A mediation model. Eating Behaviors, 21, 80-83. Doi: 10.1016/j. eatbeh.2015.12.010
  • Lavender JM, De Young KP, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Mitchell JE, Crow S, Peterson CB, & Le Grange D (2013). Daily patterns of anxiety in anorexia nervosa: Associations with eating disorder behaviors in the natural environment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 672-683. Doi: 10.1037/a0031823
  • Lewis M (2000). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In M Lewis & JM Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 623-636). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Lobo A, Pérez Echeverría MJ, & Artal J (1986). Validity of the scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in a Spanish population. Psychological Medicine, 16, 135-140. Doi: 10.1017/S0033291700002579
  • Mackowiak R, Lucibello KM, Gilchrist JD, & Sabiston CM (2019). Examination of actual and ideal body-related characteristics and body-related pride in adult males. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13, 5 Doi: 10.1177/1557988319874642
  • Mendes CB & Ferreira C (2020). A social rank approach to disordered eating: Exploring relationships between shame, fears of compassion, striving, and body shame. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 93, 490-502. Doi: 10.1111/papt.12241
  • Mustapic J, Marcinko D, & Vargek P (2015). Eating behaviours in adolescent girls: The role of body shame and body dissatisfaction. Eating and Weight Disorders, 20, 329-335. Doi: 10.1007/s40519-015-0183-2
  • Mustapic J, Marcinko D, & Vargek P, (2016). Body shame and disordered eating in adolescents. Current Psychology, 36, 447-452. Doi: 10.1007/s12144-016-9433-3
  • Pascual A, Etxebarria I, Cruz Sáez MS, & Echeburúa E (2011). Las variables emocionales como factores de riesgo de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11, 229-247.
  • Pidgeon A & Harker RA (2013). Body-focused anxiety in women: Associations with internalization of the thin-ideal, dieting frequency, body mass index and media effects. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 2, 17-24. Doi: 10.4236/ojmp.2013.24B004
  • Schaumberg K & Anderson D (2016). Dietary restraint and weight loss as risk factors for eating pathology. Eating Behaviors, 23, 97-103. Doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.08.009
  • Stoeber J & Yang H (2015). Physical appearance perfectionism explains variance in eating disorder symptoms above general perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 303-307. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.032
  • Strother E, Lemberg R, Stanford SC, & Turberville D (2012). Eating disorders in men: Underdiagnosed, undertreated, and misunderstood. Eating Disorders, 20, 346-355. Doi: 10.1080/10640266.2012.715512
  • Tangney JP & Tracy JL (2012). Self-conscious emotions. In M Leary & JP Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 446-478). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Tangney JP, Miller RS, Flicker L, & Barlow DH (1996). Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256-1269. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256
  • Tracy JL & Robins RW (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 103-125.
  • Tracy JL & Robins, RW (2007). The self in self-conscious emotions: A cognitive appraisal approach. In JL Tracy, RW Robins, & JP Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 3-20). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Troop NA & Redshaw C (2012). General shame and bodily shame in eating disorders: A 2.5-year longitudinal study. European Eating Disorders Review, 20, 373-378. Doi: 10.1002/erv.2160
  • Zheng Z, Han W, Li Y, Wang D, Gu S, & Wang F (2020). The mediating effect of coping style in the relationship between depression and disordered eating among Chinese female undergraduates. Frontiers in Psychology. 10, 3011 Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03011