Críticas al modelo de construcción de «paz liberal» en contextos posconflicto en el África Subsahariana

  1. Iker ZIRION-LANDALUZE 1
  1. 1 Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
    info

    Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

    Lejona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/000xsnr85

Revue:
Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo= Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies

ISSN: 2254-2035

Année de publication: 2017

Volumen: 6

Número: 2

Pages: 28-47

Type: Article

DOI: 10.26754/OJS_RIED/IJDS.242 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

D'autres publications dans: Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo= Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies

Résumé

With the end of the Cold War, international peacebuilding policies were geared to promote a concrete understanding of the peace in post-conflict contexts, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa. This model, called «liberal peace» because it was based on the dominant Western (neo)liberal ideas of representative democracy, market economy and conflict resolution (formal, state-one and non- based in conflict transformation), has become currently hegemonic. In this article I discuss some of the main critiques that have been made to this model implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa: first, his (neo)colonizer character, directed to protect Western interests; second, the existence of internal contradictions in areas such as democracy and human rights; third, its technical and neutral nature, considered free of political, economic, or gender connotations; fourth, his alleged uniformity and homogeneity; and, fifth, the representation of African countries as contexts which should be «saved» and with no local agency.

€ Voir financement

Information sur le financement

Financeurs

Références bibliographiques

  • ABRAHAMSEN R (2007). Poscolonialism. En: Griffiths M (ed.). International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century. An Introduction. Routledge, Londres, pp. 111-122.
  • BARNETT M (2006). Building a Republican Peace: Stabilizing States after War. International Security 30(4):87-112.
  • BENDAÑA A (2003). What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Critical Assessments from the South. Ponencia presentada para el décimo aniversario de Una agenda para la paz. Ottawa.
  • BIDAURRATZAGA E (2007). Desarrollo humano en África Subsahariana. Evolución y perspectivas de la educación y la salud. En: Oya C, Santamaría A (eds.). Economía política del desarrollo en África. Akal, Madrid, pp. 55-83.
  • BURCHILL S (2009). Liberalism. En: Burchill, S, Linklater A, Devetak R, Donnelly J, Nardin T, Paterson M, Reus-Smit C, True J. Theories of International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 57-85.
  • CAMPBELL S (2011). Routine Learning? How Peacebuilding Organisations Prevent Liberal Peace. En: Campbell S, Chandler D, Sabaratnam M (eds.). A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. Zed Books, Londres, pp. 89-105.
  • CAMPOS A (2006), Política Poscolonial al Sur del Sáhara. En: Echart Muñoz E, Santamaría A (coords.). África en el horizonte. Introducción a la realidad socioeconómica del África Subsahariana. Catarata, Madrid, pp. 55-73.
  • CHANDLER D (2011). The Uncritical Critique of Liberal Peace. En: Campbell S, Chandler D, Sabaratnam M (eds.). A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. Zed Books, Londres, pp. 174-190.
  • CLIFFE L, ROBIN L, LUCKHAM R (2000). What Happens to the State in Conflict? Political Analysis as a Tool for Planning Humanitarian Assistance. Disasters 24(4):291-313.
  • CRASKE N (1998). Remasculinisation and the neoliberal state in Latin America. En: Randal V, Waylen G (eds.). Gender, Politics and the State. Routledge, Londres, pp. 100-120.
  • CURTIS D (2012). Introduction: The Contested Politics of Peacebuilding. En: Curtis D, Dzinesa GA (eds.). Peacebuilding, Power, and Politics in Africa. Ohio University Press, Athens.
  • DILLON M, REID J (2009). The Liberal Way of War. Killing to Make Life Live. Routledge, Abingdon.
  • DOYLE MW (1986). Liberalism and World Politics. American Political Science Review 80 (4):1151-1169.
  • DOYLE MW, SAMBANIS N (2006). Making war and building peace. United Nations Peace Operations. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • DUFFIELD M (2001). Global Governance and the New Wars. The Merging of Development and Security. Zed Books, Londres.
  • FETHERSTON AB (2000). Peacekeeping, Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding. A Reconsideration of Theoretical Frameworks. International Peacekeeping 7(1):190-218.
  • FRANKS J (2009). Beware of liberal peacebuilders bearing gifts. The deviance of liberal peace in Palestine and Israel. En: Newman E, Paris R, Richmond OP (eds.). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. United Nations University Press, Tokio, pp. 267-291.
  • FREEDMAN L (2004). The new security equation. Conflict, Security and Development 4(3):245-259.
  • GOODHAND J (2006). Aiding Peace? The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict. Lynne Rienner, Boulder.
  • HANDY PS (2009). Gobernanza y estados frágiles en África: Contextualizando el debate. En: Mateos O (ed.). Paz y seguridad en África Subsahariana. Catarata, Madrid, pp. 109-119.
  • HUGHES C (2009). «We just take what they offer». Community empowerment in postwar Timor-Leste. En: Newman E, Paris R, Richmond OP (eds.). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. United Nations University Press, Tokio, pp. 218-242.
  • JABRI V (2013). Peacebuilding, the local and the international: a colonial or a postcolonial rationality. Peacebuilding 1(1):3-16.
  • KABUNDA M (2006). Relaciones Internacionales africanas y relaciones interafricanas en la era de la globalización. En: Echart Muñoz E, Santamaría A (coords.). África en el horizonte. Introducción a la realidad socioeconómica del África Subsahariana. Catarata, Madrid, pp. 75-109.
  • KABUNDA M (2014). La arquitectura de paz y seguridad en África (APSA): Retrospectivas, prospectivas y perspectivas. En: Mateos O, Grasa R (eds.). ¿Una nueva era para África? Nuevos desafíos y perspectivas sobre paz y seguridad en África. Catarata, Madrid, pp. 113-143.
  • KRONSELL A (2012). Gender, Sex and the Postnational Defense. Militarism and Peacekeeping. Oxford University Press, Nueva York.
  • LACHER W (2007). Iraq: Exception to, or Epitome of Contemporary Post-conflict Reconstruction? International Peacekeeping 14(2):237-250.
  • LIDÉN K (2011). Peace, self-governance and international engagement: from neocolonial to post-colonial peacebuilding. En: Tadjbakhsh S (ed.). Rethinking the Liberal Peace, External model and local alternatives. Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 57-74.
  • LUCKHAM R (2011). Democracy and Security. A shotgun marriage? En: Tadjbakhsh S (ed.). Rethinking the Liberal Peace, External model and local alternatives. Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 89-109.
  • MAC GINTY R (2008). Indigenous Peace-making versus the Liberal Peace. Cooperation & Conflict 43(2):139-163.
  • MAC GINTY R (2011). Hybrid Peace: How does Hybrid Peace Come About. En: Campbell S, Chandler D, Sabaratnam M (eds.). A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. Zed Books, Londres, pp. 209-225.
  • MAC GINTY R (2014). Everyday peace: Bottom-up and local agency in conflict-affected societies. Security Dialogue 45(6):548-564.
  • MAC GINTY R, WILLIAMS A (2009). Conflict and Development. Routledge, Abingdon.
  • MATEOS O (2011a). Entre el «nuevo barbarismo» y la «maldición de los recursos»: características, narrativas y debates de los conflictos armados en África. En: Magallón C et al. África Subsahariana, continente ignorado. Fundación Seminario de Investigación para la Paz, Zaragoza, pp. 227-254.
  • MATEOS O (2011b). La construcción de paz posbélica. Análisis de los debates críticos a través del caso de Sierra Leona. Tesis doctoral, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB).
  • MATEOS O (2013). Desfragmentando el «consenso de la construcción de paz liberal»: un análisis a partir de Sierra Leona y de la Reforma del Sector de Seguridad. En: Ruiz-Giménez I (ed.). El sueño liberal en África Subsahariana. Debate y controversias sobre la construcción de la paz. Catarata, Madrid, pp. 150-187.
  • MBEMBE A (2003). Necropolitics. Public Culture 15(1):11-40.
  • NEWMAN E (2009). «Liberal» peacebuilding debates. En: Newman E, Paris R, Richmond OP (eds.). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. United Nations University Press, Tokio, pp. 26-53.
  • NEWMAN E, PARIS R, RICHMOND OP (2009). Introduction. En: Newman E, Paris R, Richmond OP (eds.). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. United Nations University Press, Tokio, pp. 3-25.
  • ONU MUJERES (2012). Women's Participation in Peace Negotiations. Connections between Presence and Influence. Nueva York.
  • OSAGHAE EE (2000). Applying Traditional Methods to Modern Conflict: Possibilities and Limits. En: Zartman IW (ed.). Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts. African Conflict «Medicine». Lynne Rienner, Boulder, pp. 201-217.
  • OSAGHAE EE (2010). Fragile States. En: Cornwell A, Eade D (eds.). Deconstructing Development Discourse. Buzzwords and Fuzzwords. Practical Action & Oxfam GB, Rugby, Warwickshire, pp. 281-292.
  • PANKHURST D (2004). «The sex war» and other wars. Towards a feminist approach to peacebuilding. En: Afshar H, Eade D (eds.). Development, Women and War. Feminist Perspectives. Oxfam International, Oxford, pp. 8-42.
  • PARIS R (2002). International Peacebuilding and the «Mission Civilisatrice». Review of International Studies 28:637-656.
  • PARIS R (2004). At War's End. Building Peace after Civil Conflict, Cambridge University Press, Nueva York.
  • PARIS R (2011a). Critiques to Liberal Peace. En: Campbell S, Chandler D, Sabaratnam M (eds.). A Liberal Peace? The problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. Zed Books, Londres, pp. 31-51.
  • PARIS R (2011b). Alternatives to Liberal Peace. En: Campbell S, Chandler D, Sabaratnam M (eds.). A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. Zed Books, Londres, pp. 159-173.
  • PÉREZ DE ARMIÑO K (2013). ¿Más allá de la seguridad humana? Desafíos y aportes de los estudios críticos de seguridad. En: AA. VV., Cursos de Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Internacionales de Vitoria-Gasteiz 2011. Tecnos, Madrid, pp. 235-308.
  • PÉREZ DE ARMIÑO K (2015). Estudios de seguridad: de la visión tradicional a los enfoques críticos. En: Arenal C, Sanahuja JA (coords.). Teorías de las Relaciones Internacionales. Tecnos, Madrid, pp. 301-328.
  • PÉREZ DE ARMIÑO K, ZIRION I (2010). La acción humanitaria como instrumento para la construcción de la paz. Herramientas, potencialidades y críticas. Cuadernos de Trabajo de Hegoa 51.
  • POULIGNY B (2005). Peace Operations See from Below. Hurst, Londres.
  • PUGH M (2005). The Political Economy of Peacebuilding: A Critical Theory Perspective. International Journal of Peace Studies 10(2):23-42.
  • PUGH M (2009). Towards life welfare. En: Newman E, Paris, R, Richmond OP (eds.). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. United Nations University Press, Tokio, pp. 78-96.
  • PUGH M, COOPER N (2004). War Economies in a Regional Context. Challenges of Transformation. Lynne Rienner, Londres.
  • REARDON BA (2010). La problemática del patriarcado: hacia una teoría de género de la violencia global. En: Díez Jorge ME, Sánchez Romero M (eds.). Género y paz. Icaria, Barcelona, pp. 219-259.
  • RENO W (2009). The Privatization of Africa's International Relations. En: Harbeson JW, Rothchild D (eds). Africa in World Politics. Reforming Political Order. Westview Press, Boulder, pp. 190-212.
  • RICHMOND OP (2005). The Transformation of Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire.
  • RICHMOND OP (2006). The problem of peace: understanding the «liberal peace». Conflict, Security & Development 6(3):291-314.
  • RICHMOND OP (2009). Beyond liberal Peace? Responses to «Backsliding». En: Newman E, Paris R, Richmond OP (eds.). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. United Nations University Press, Tokio, pp. 54-77.
  • RICHMOND OP (2010). Resistance and the Post-Liberal Peace. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 38(3):665-692.
  • RICHMOND OP (2011a). Resistance and the Post-Liberal Peace. En: Campbell S, Chandler D, Sabaratnam M (eds). A Liberal Peace? The problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. Zed Books, Londres, pp. 226-244.
  • RICHMOND OP (2011b). Becoming liberal, unbecoming liberalism. Liberal-local hybridity via the everyday as a response to the paradoxes of liberal peacebuilding. En: Tadjbakhsh S (ed.). Rethinking the Liberal Peace, External Model and Local Alternatives. Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 37-56.
  • RICHMOND OP (2012). La paz en las Relaciones Internacionales. Institut Català per la Pau y Bellaterra, Barcelona.
  • RICHMOND OP, FRANKS J (2011). Liberal Peace Transitions. Between Statebuilding and Peacebuilding. Edinburgh University Press, Edimburgo.
  • RICHMOND OP, MAC GINTY R (2015). Where now for the critique of the liberal peace? Cooperation and Conflict 50(2):171-189.
  • ROBERTS D (2011). Human Security, Biopoverty and the Possibility for Emancipation. En: Chandler D, Hynek N (eds.). Critical Perspectives on Human Security.
  • Rethinking Emancipation and Power in International Relations. Routledge, Londres, pp. 69-82.
  • RUIZ-GIMÉNEZ I (2011). Gender and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Process in Africa. En: Oré Aguilar G, Gómez Isa F (eds.). Rethinking Transitions. Equality and Social Justice in Societies Emerging from Conflict. Intersentia, Cambridge, pp. 231-264.
  • RUIZ-GIMÉNEZ I (2013). Introducción. La «paz liberal» en África: debates y prácticas. En: Ruiz-Giménez I (ed.). El sueño liberal en África Subsahariana. Debates y controversias sobre la construcción de la paz. Catarata, Madrid, pp. 13-47.
  • SABARATNAM M (2011). The Liberal Peace? An Intellectual History of International Conflict Management, 1990-2010. En: Campbell S, Chandler D, Sabaratnam M (eds.). A Liberal Peace? The problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. Zed Books, Londres, pp. 13-30.
  • SAID E (1979). Orientalism. Vintage, Nueva York.
  • SALIH MA (2009). The Political Economy of Liberal Peace in Africa. En: Newman E, Paris R, Richmond OP (eds.). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. United Nations University Press, Tokio, pp. 133-158.
  • SHEPHERD LJ (2008). Gender, Violence and Security. Discourse as Practice. Zed Books, Londres.
  • SPEARS IS (2010). Civil War in African States. The Search for Security. FirstForum-Press, Boulder.
  • SRIRAM CL (2009). Transitional justice and the liberal peace. En: Newman E, Paris R, Richmond OP (eds.). New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. United Nations University Press, Tokio, pp. 112-129.
  • TRONTO J (2008). Is Peacekeeping Care Work? A Feminist Reflection on «the Responsibility to Protect». En: Whisnant R, Desautels P (eds.). Global Feminist Ethics. Feminist Ethics and Social Theory. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, pp. 179-200.
  • ZIRION I (2016). Políticas internacionales de construcción de la paz y de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración en Kivu Norte y Kivu Sur, República Democrática del Congo. Un análisis basado en el enfoque de género y las masculinidades (2004-2015). Tesis doctoral, Universidad de País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU).
  • ZÜRCHER C (2011). The Liberal Peace. A Tough Sell. En: Campbell S, Chandler D, Sabaratnam M (eds.). A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding. Zed Books, Londres, pp. 69-88.
La source de données: Dialnet