Niveles de andrógenos, estilos parentales y conducta agresiva en niños y niñas de 5-6 años de edad
- Sánchez Martín, José Ramón
- Azurmendi Imaz, Aitziber
- Fano Ardanaz, Eduardo
- Braza Lloret, Francisco
- Muñoz Sánchez, José Manuel
- Carreras de Alba, María Rosario
ISSN: 0214-9915
Any de publicació: 2009
Volum: 21
Número: 1
Pàgines: 57-62
Tipus: Article
Altres publicacions en: Psicothema
Resum
El presente estudio explora la relación entre los niveles de andrógenos, el estilo educativo parental y medidas de agresión física, verbal e indirecta en niños y niñas de 5-6 años. 129 niños (60 chicos y 69 chicas) fueron evaluados respecto a sus niveles de agresión a través de una técnica de estimación por pares. Los padres cumplimentaron el Parenting Styles Dimensions Questionnaire, a partir del cual se obtuvieron los estilos educativos parentales. Los niveles de testosterona, androstenediona y dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEA) fueron evaluados utilizando una técnica de enzimoinmunoensayo en muestras de saliva. Un análisis de regresión indicó que la interacción madre directiva-androstenediona a los 5 años fue predictiva de la agresión física a los 6 años. De forma específica, se observó que en los chicos con altos niveles de androstenediona, la conducta maternal directiva se asoció con la agresión física. Se discuten los resultados a la luz de planteamientos relacionados con la educación y la crianza característicos de la psicología del desarrollo, y se sugiere una posible relación de los resultados con la hipótesis de la dominancia maternal.
Referències bibliogràfiques
- Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291-322.
- Archer, J., y Côté, S. (2005). Sex differences in aggressive behavior. A developmental and evolutionary perspective. En R.E. Tremblay, W.W. Hartup y J. Archer (Eds.): Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 425-443). New York: The Guilford Press.
- Azurmendi, A., Braza, F., Sorozabal, A., García, A., Braza, P., Carreras, M.R., Muñoz, J.M., Cardas, J., y Sánchez-Martín, J.R. (2005). Cognitive abilities, androgen levels and body mass index in 5-year-old children. Hormones and Behavior, 28, 187-195.
- Azurmendi, A., Braza, F., García, A., Braza, P., Muñoz, J.M., y SánchezMartín, J.R. (2006). Aggression, dominance and affiliation: Their relationships with androgen levels and intelligence in 5-year-old children. Hormones and Behavior, 50, 132-140.
- Björkqvist, K., y Österman, K. (1998). Scales for research on interpersonal relations. Pro Facultate 4, Abo Akademi University.
- Booth, A., Johnson, D.R., Granger, D.A., Crouter, A.C., y McHale, S. (2003). Testosterone and child and adolescent adjustment. The moderating role of parent-child relationships. Developmental Psychology, 39, 85-98.
- Campbell, S.B., Breaux, A.M., Ewing, L.J., y Szumowski, E.K. (1986). Correlates and predictors of hyperactivity and aggression: A longitudinal study of parent-referred problem preschoolers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 217-234.
- Clutton-Brock, T.H., Albon, S.D., y Guinness, F.E. (1984). Maternal dominance, breeding success and birth sex ratios in red deer. Nature, 308, 358-360.
- Constantino, J.N., Grosz, D., Saenger, P., Chandler, D.W., Nandi, R., y Earls, F.J. (1993). Testosterone and aggression in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1217-1222.
- Chance, S.E., Brown, R.T., Dabbs, J.M., y Casey, R. (2000). Testosterone, intelligence and behavior disorders in young boys. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 437-445.
- Dodge, K.A., Pettit, G.S., y Bates, J.E. (1994). Socialization mediators of the relation between socioeconomic status and child conduct problems. Child Development, 65, 649-665.
- Estévez, E., Murgui, S., Moreno, D., y Musitu, G. (2007). Estilos de comunicación familiar, actitud hacia la autoridad institucional y conducta violenta del adolescente en la escuela. Psicothema, 19, 108-113.
- Granger, D., Schwartz, E., Booth, A., y Arentz, M. (1999). Salivary testosterone determination in studies of child health and development. Hormones and Behavior, 1(35), 18-27.
- Grant, V.J. (1990). Maternal personality and sex of infant. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 63, 261-266.
- Grant, V.J. (1996). Sex determination and the maternal dominance. Human Reproduction, 11, 2371-2375.
- Grant, V.J. (1998). Maternal personality, evolution and sex ratio. New York: Routledge.
- Maccoby, E.E., y Jacklin, C.N. (1980). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- McFadyen-Ketchum, S.A., Bates, J.E., Dodge, K.A., y Petit, G.S. (1996). Patterns of change in early childhood aggressive-disruptive behavior: Gender differences in predictions from early coercive and affectionate mother-child interactions. Child Development, 67, 2417-2433.
- Meikle, D.B., Tilford, B.L., y Vessey, S.H. (1984). Dominance rank, secondary sex ratio and reproduction of offspring in polygynous primates. The American Naturalist, 124, 173-188.
- Navarro, M.A., Juan, L., y Bonnin, M.R. (1986). Salivary testosterone: Relationship to total and free testosterone in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 32(1), 231-232.
- Nottelman, E.D., Susman, E.J., Inoff-Germain, G., Cutler, G.B.J., Loriaux, D.L., y Chrousos, G.P. (1987). Developmental processes in early adolescence: Relationship between adolescent adjustment problems and chronologic age, pubertal stage and puberty-related serum hormone levels. Journal of Pediatrics, 110(3), 473-480.
- Otten, B.J., Wellen, J.J., Rijken, J.C., Stoelinga, G.B., y Benraad, T.J. (1983). Salivary and plasma androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 57, 1150-1154.
- Patterson, G.R. (2002). Etiology and treatment of child and adolescent antisocial behavior. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3, 133-144.
- Paul, A., y Thommen, D. (1984). Timing of birth, female reproductive success and infant sex ratio in semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Folia Primatologica, 42, 2-16.
- Riad-Fahmy, D., Read, G., Walker, R., y Griffiths, K. (1982). Steroids in saliva for assessing endocrine function. Endocrine Reviews, 3(4), 367-395.
- Robinson, C.C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S.F., y Hart, C.H. (2001). Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). En J. Touliatos, B.F. Perlmutter y G.W. Holden (Eds.): Handbook of family measurements techniques, vol. 2 (pp. 188-189). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
- Rubin, K.H., Hastings, P., Chen, X., Stewart, S., y McNichol, K. (1998). Intrapersonal and maternal correlates of aggression, conflict and externalizing problems in toddlers. Child Development, 69, 1614-1629.
- Sánchez-Martín, J.R., Fano, E., Ahedo, L., Cardas, J., Brain, P.F., y Azpíroz, A. (2000). Relating testosterone levels and free play social behavior in male and female preschool children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 773-783.
- Scerbo, A., y Kolko, D.J. (1994). Salivary testosterone and cortisol in disruptive children: Relationship to aggressive, hyperactive and internalizing behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(8), 1174-1184.
- Susman, E.J., y Ponirakis, A. (1997). Hormones-context interactions and antisocial behavior in youth. En A. Raine, P.A. Brennan, D.P. Farrington y S.A. Mednick (Eds.): Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 251-269). New York: Plenum Press.
- Torío, S., Peña, J.V., e Inda, M. (2008). Estilos de educación familiar. Psicothema, 20, 62-70.
- Tremblay, R.E., Nagin, D.S., Seguin, J.R., Zoccolillo, M., Zelazo, P.D., Boivin, M., Pérusse, D., y Japel, C. (2004). Predictors of high level physical aggression from 17 to 42 months after birth. Pediatrics, 114, e43-e50.
- Van Goozen, S.H.M. (2005). Hormones and developmental origins of aggression. En R.E. Tremblay, W.W. Hartup y J. Archer (Eds.): Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 281-306). New York: The Guilford Press.
- Van Goozen, S.H.M., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Thijssen, J.H.H., y Van Engeland, H. (1998). Adrenal androgens and aggression in conduct disorder prepuberal boys and normal controls. Biological Psychiatry, 43(2), 156-158.
- Vittek, J., L’Hommedieu, D.G., Gordon, G.G., Rappaport, S.C., y Southren, A.L. (1985). Direct radio immunoassay (RIA) of salivary testosterone: Correlation with free and total serum testosterone. Life Sciences, 37(8), 711-716.
- Young, M.C., Walker, R.F., Riad-Fahmy, D., y Hughes, I.A. (1988). Androstenedione rhythms in saliva in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Archives of Disiase in Childhood, 63, 624-628.
- Zoccolillo, M., Romano, E., Joubert, D., Mazzarello, T., Coté, S., Boivin, M., Pérusse, D., y Tremblay, R.E. (2005). The intergenerational transmission of aggression and antisocial behavior. En R.E. Tremblay, W.W. Hartup y J. Archer (Eds.): Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 353-375). New York: The Guilford Press.